世界文化遗产
世界文化遗产
世界文化遗产，是一项由联合国发起、联合国教育科学文化组织负责执行的国际公约建制，以保存对全世界人类都具有杰出普遍性价值的自然或文化处所为目的。
世界文化遗产属于世界遗产范畴，是文化的保护与传承的最高等级。
国际文化纪念物与历史场所委员会等非政府组织作为联合国教科文组织的协力组织，参与世界遗产的甄选、管理与保护工作。
1972年，联合国教科文组织在 世界文化遗产总部巴黎通过了《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》，成立联合国教科文组织世界遗产委员会，其宗旨在于促进各国和各国人民之间的合作，为合理保护和恢复全人类共同的遗产作出积极的贡献。
筹建历史
1959年，埃及政府打算修建阿斯旺大坝，可能会淹没尼罗河谷里的珍贵古迹，比如阿布辛贝神殿。
1960年联合国教科文组织发起了“努比亚行动计划”，阿布辛贝神殿和菲莱神殿等古迹被仔细地分解，然后运到高地，再一块块地重组装起来。
之后，联合国教科文组织会同国际古迹遗址理事会起草了保护人类文化遗产的协定。
1972年倡导并缔结了《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》。缔约国内的文化和自然遗产，由缔约国申报，经世界遗产中心组织权威专家考察、评估。
世界遗产委员会主席团会议初步审议，最后经公约缔约国大会投票通过并列入《世界遗产名录》，称为世界文化遗产。
联合国教科文组织世界遗产委员会是政府间组织，由21个成员国组成，每年召开一次会议，主要决定哪些遗产可以录入《世界遗产名录》，并对已列入名录的世界遗产的保护工作进行监督指导。
委员会选举七名成员构成世界遗产委员会主席团，主席团每年举行两次会议，筹备委员会的工作。
审批标准
条件凡提名列入《世界遗产名录》的文化遗产项目，必须符合下列一项或几项标准方可获得批准：
1．代表一种独特的艺术成就，一种创造性的天才杰作。
2．能在一定时期内或世界某一文化区域内，对建筑艺术、纪念物艺术、城镇规划或景观设计方面的发展产生过大影响。
3、能为一种已消逝的文明或文化传统提供一种独特的至少是特殊的见证。
4．可作为一种建筑或建筑群或景观的杰出范例，展示出人类历史上一个(或几个)重要阶段。
5．可作为传统的人类居住地或使用地的杰出范例，代表一种(或几种)文化，尤其在不可逆转之变化的影响下变得易于损坏。
6．与具特殊普遍意义的事件或现行传统或思想或信仰或文学艺术作品有直接或实质的联系。
遗产分类
世界文化遗产（Cultural Heritage）专指"有形"的文化遗产，和联合国教科文组织的另一项“非物质文化遗产”完全不同。 世界文化遗产主要包括——文物：从历史、艺术或科学角度看，具有突出的普遍价值的建筑物、碑雕和碑画以及具有考古性质成分或结构的铭文、洞穴以及其综合体；建筑群：从历史、艺术或科学角度看，在建筑式样、分布均匀或与环境景色结合方面具有突出的普遍价值的单立或连接的建筑群；遗址：从历史、美学、人种学或人类学角度看，具有突出的普遍价值的人造工程或人与自然的共同杰作以及考古遗址。
《公约》规定，属于下列各类内容之一者，可列为文化遗产。文物：从历史、艺术或科学角度看，具有突出的普遍价值的建筑物、雕刻和绘画以及具有考古意义的成分或结构的铭文、洞穴、住区及各类文物的综合体；建筑群：从历史、艺术或科学角度看，因其建筑的形式、同一性及其在景观中的地位，具有突出的普遍价值的单独或相互联系的建筑群；遗址：从历史、美学、人种学或人类学角度看，具有突出、普遍价值的人造工程或人与自然的共同杰作以及考古遗址。
World Cultural Heritage
The World Cultural Heritage is an international convention established by the United Nations and implemented by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), aimed at preserving natural or cultural sites of outstanding universal value to humanity.
World Cultural Heritage falls under the category of World Heritage and represents the highest level of protection and inheritance of culture.
Non-governmental organizations such as the International Council on Monuments and Sites collaborate with UNESCO in the selection, management, and protection of World Heritage sites.
In 1972, UNESCO passed the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage in Paris, the headquarters of World Cultural Heritage, establishing the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. Its mission is to promote cooperation among nations and their peoples to actively contribute to the reasonable protection and restoration of the common heritage of humanity.
Historical Background
In 1959, the Egyptian government planned to build the Aswan High Dam, which could submerge precious ancient sites in the Nile Valley, such as the Temple of Abu Simbel.
In 1960, UNESCO launched the "Nubian Campaign," during which ancient monuments like the Temple of Abu Simbel and the Temple of Philae were carefully disassembled, moved to higher ground, and then reassembled piece by piece.
Subsequently, UNESCO, together with the International Council of Monuments and Sites, drafted an agreement for the protection of human cultural heritage.
In 1972, the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was advocated for and concluded. The cultural and natural heritage within contracting states are nominated by the contracting states, examined and evaluated by authoritative experts organized by the World Heritage Center.
The preliminary review by the Bureau of the World Heritage Committee and final approval by a vote of the Assembly of States Parties to the Convention results in inclusion in the World Heritage List, known as World Cultural Heritage.
The UNESCO World Heritage Committee is an intergovernmental organization composed of 21 member states that meets annually to decide which heritage sites can be included in the World Heritage List and to supervise and guide the protection of world heritage sites already listed.
The Committee elects seven members to form the Bureau of the World Heritage Committee, which holds two meetings a year to prepare for the Committee's work.
Approval Criteria
To be nominated for inclusion in the World Heritage List, cultural heritage projects must meet one or more of the following criteria:
- Represent a unique artistic achievement, a masterpiece of creative genius.
- Have exerted great influence over a span of time or within a cultural region of the world on developments in architecture, monumental arts, town planning, or landscape design.
- Provide a unique or at least special testimony to a vanished civilization or cultural tradition.
- Be an outstanding example of a type of building or architectural ensemble or landscape which illustrates significant stages in human history.
- Be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture or cultures, especially under the impact of irreversible change.
- Be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, ideas, beliefs, or works of artistic or literary significance of outstanding universal importance.
Classification of Heritage
World Cultural Heritage specifically refers to "tangible" cultural heritage, distinct from UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage. World Cultural Heritage mainly includes - Monuments: buildings, sculptures, and paintings of outstanding universal value from historical, artistic, or scientific perspectives, as well as archaeological elements or structures of inscriptions, caves, and their complexes; Groups of Buildings: single or connected buildings of outstanding universal value from historical, artistic, or scientific perspectives due to their architectural form, homogeneity, and position in the landscape; Sites: artificial works or joint masterpieces of man and nature and archaeological sites of outstanding universal value from historical, aesthetic, ethnological, or anthropological perspectives.
The Convention stipulates that any of the following types may be classified as cultural heritage. Monuments: buildings, sculptures, and paintings of outstanding universal value from historical, artistic, or scientific perspectives, as well as archaeological elements or structures of inscriptions, caves, settlements, and various complexes of cultural relics; Groups of Buildings: individually or collectively significant buildings of outstanding universal value from historical, artistic, or scientific perspectives due to their architectural form, homogeneity, and position in the landscape; Sites: artificial works or joint masterpieces of man and nature and archaeological sites of outstanding universal value from historical, aesthetic, ethnological, or anthropological perspectives.