Artificial Intelligence Preprint | 2019-07-13
Artificial Intelligence
Learning by Abstraction: The Neural State Machine (1907.03950v2)
Drew A. Hudson, Christopher D. Manning
2019-07-09
We introduce the Neural State Machine, seeking to bridge the gap between the neural and symbolic views of AI and integrate their complementary strengths for the task of visual reasoning. Given an image, we first predict a probabilistic graph that represents its underlying semantics and serves as a structured world model. Then, we perform sequential reasoning over the graph, iteratively traversing its nodes to answer a given question or draw a new inference. In contrast to most neural architectures that are designed to closely interact with the raw sensory data, our model operates instead in an abstract latent space, by transforming both the visual and linguistic modalities into semantic concept-based representations, thereby achieving enhanced transparency and modularity. We evaluate our model on VQA-CP and GQA, two recent VQA datasets that involve compositionality, multi-step inference and diverse reasoning skills, achieving state-of-the-art results in both cases. We provide further experiments that illustrate the model's strong generalization capacity across multiple dimensions, including novel compositions of concepts, changes in the answer distribution, and unseen linguistic structures, demonstrating the qualities and efficacy of our approach.
Reward Advancement: Transforming Policy under Maximum Causal Entropy Principle (1907.05390v1)
Guojun Wu, Yanhua Li, Zhenming Liu, Jie Bao, Yu Zheng, Jieping Ye, Jun Luo
2019-07-11
Many real-world human behaviors can be characterized as a sequential decision making processes, such as urban travelers choices of transport modes and routes (Wu et al. 2017). Differing from choices controlled by machines, which in general follows perfect rationality to adopt the policy with the highest reward, studies have revealed that human agents make sub-optimal decisions under bounded rationality (Tao, Rohde, and Corcoran 2014). Such behaviors can be modeled using maximum causal entropy (MCE) principle (Ziebart 2010). In this paper, we define and investigate a general reward trans-formation problem (namely, reward advancement): Recovering the range of additional reward functions that transform the agent's policy from original policy to a predefined target policy under MCE principle. We show that given an MDP and a target policy, there are infinite many additional reward functions that can achieve the desired policy transformation. Moreover, we propose an algorithm to further extract the additional rewards with minimum "cost" to implement the policy transformation.
Warfarin dose estimation on multiple datasets with automated hyperparameter optimisation and a novel software framework (1907.05363v1)
Gianluca Truda, Patrick Marais
2019-07-11
Warfarin is an effective preventative treatment for arterial and venous thromboembolism, but requires individualised dosing due to its narrow therapeutic range and high individual variation. A plethora of statistical and machine learning techniques have been demonstrated in this domain. This study evaluated the accuracy of the most promising algorithms on the International Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Consortium dataset and a novel clinical dataset of South African patients. Support vectors and linear regression were consistently amongst the top performers in both datasets and performed comparably to recent ensemble approaches. We also evaluated the use of genetic programming to design and optimise learning models without human guidance, finding that performance matched that of models hand-crafted by human experts. Finally, we present a novel software framework (warfit-learn) for standardising future research by leveraging the most successful techniques in preprocessing, imputation, and evaluation, with the goal of making results more reproducible in this domain.
Weakly Supervised Person Re-ID: Differentiable Graphical Learning and A New Benchmark (1904.03845v2)
Guangrun Wang, Guangcong Wang, Xujie Zhang, Jianhuang Lai, Liang Lin
2019-04-08
Person re-identification (Re-ID) benefits greatly from the accurate annotations of existing datasets (e.g., CUHK03 \cite{li2014deepreid} and Market-1501 \cite{zheng2015scalable}), which are quite expensive because each image in these datasets has to be assigned with a proper label. In this work, we ease the annotation of Re-ID by replacing the accurate annotation with inaccurate annotation, i.e., we group the images into bags in terms of time and assign a bag-level label for each bag. This greatly reduces the annotation effort and leads to the creation of a large-scale Re-ID benchmark called SYSU-30
. The new benchmark contains
categories of persons, which is about
times larger than CUHK03 (
categories) and Market-1501 (
categories), and
times larger the ImageNet (
categories). It sums up to 29,606,918 images. Learning a Re-ID model with bag-level annotation is called the weakly supervised Re-ID problem. To solve this problem, we introduce a differentiable graphical model to capture the dependencies from all images in a bag and generate a reliable pseudo label for each person image. The pseudo label is further used to supervise the learning of the Re-ID model. When compared with the fully supervised Re-ID models, our method achieves the state-of-the-art performance on SYSU-30
A Formalization of Kant's Second Formulation of the Categorical Imperative (1801.03160v3)
Felix Lindner, Martin Mose Bentzen
2018-01-09
We present a formalization and computational implementation of the second formulation of Kant's categorical imperative. This ethical principle requires an agent to never treat someone merely as a means but always also as an end. Here we interpret this principle in terms of how persons are causally affected by actions. We introduce Kantian causal agency models in which moral patients, actions, goals, and causal influence are represented, and we show how to formalize several readings of Kant's categorical imperative that correspond to Kant's concept of strict and wide duties towards oneself and others. Stricter versions handle cases where an action directly causally affects oneself or others, whereas the wide version maximizes the number of persons being treated as an end. We discuss limitations of our formalization by pointing to one of Kant's cases that the machinery cannot handle in a satisfying way.
Task-Agnostic Dynamics Priors for Deep Reinforcement Learning (1905.04819v4)
Yilun Du, Karthik Narasimhan
2019-05-13
While model-based deep reinforcement learning (RL) holds great promise for sample efficiency and generalization, learning an accurate dynamics model is often challenging and requires substantial interaction with the environment. A wide variety of domains have dynamics that share common foundations like the laws of classical mechanics, which are rarely exploited by existing algorithms. In fact, humans continuously acquire and use such dynamics priors to easily adapt to operating in new environments. In this work, we propose an approach to learn task-agnostic dynamics priors from videos and incorporate them into an RL agent. Our method involves pre-training a frame predictor on task-agnostic physics videos to initialize dynamics models (and fine-tune them) for unseen target environments. Our frame prediction architecture, SpatialNet, is designed specifically to capture localized physical phenomena and interactions. Our approach allows for both faster policy learning and convergence to better policies, outperforming competitive approaches on several different environments. We also demonstrate that incorporating this prior allows for more effective transfer between environments.
XGBoostLSS -- An extension of XGBoost to probabilistic forecasting (1907.03178v2)
Alexander März
2019-07-06
We propose a new framework of XGBoost that predicts the entire conditional distribution of a univariate response variable. In particular, XGBoostLSS models all moments of a parametric distribution, i.e., mean, location, scale and shape (LSS), instead of the conditional mean only. Choosing from a wide range of continuous, discrete and mixed discrete-continuous distribution, modelling and predicting the entire conditional distribution greatly enhances the flexibility of XGBoost, as it allows to gain additional insight into the data generating process, as well as to create probabilistic forecasts from which prediction intervals and quantiles of interest can be derived. We present both a simulation study and real world examples that demonstrate the benefits of our approach.
Activitynet 2019 Task 3: Exploring Contexts for Dense Captioning Events in Videos (1907.05092v1)
Shizhe Chen, Yuqing Song, Yida Zhao, Qin Jin, Zhaoyang Zeng, Bei Liu, Jianlong Fu, Alexander Hauptmann
2019-07-11
Contextual reasoning is essential to understand events in long untrimmed videos. In this work, we systematically explore different captioning models with various contexts for the dense-captioning events in video task, which aims to generate captions for different events in the untrimmed video. We propose five types of contexts as well as two categories of event captioning models, and evaluate their contributions for event captioning from both accuracy and diversity aspects. The proposed captioning models are plugged into our pipeline system for the dense video captioning challenge. The overall system achieves the state-of-the-art performance on the dense-captioning events in video task with 9.91 METEOR score on the challenge testing set.
Safe Policy Improvement with Soft Baseline Bootstrapping (1907.05079v1)
Kimia Nadjahi, Romain Laroche, Rémi Tachet des Combes
2019-07-11
Batch Reinforcement Learning (Batch RL) consists in training a policy using trajectories collected with another policy, called the behavioural policy. Safe policy improvement (SPI) provides guarantees with high probability that the trained policy performs better than the behavioural policy, also called baseline in this setting. Previous work shows that the SPI objective improves mean performance as compared to using the basic RL objective, which boils down to solving the MDP with maximum likelihood. Here, we build on that work and improve more precisely the SPI with Baseline Bootstrapping algorithm (SPIBB) by allowing the policy search over a wider set of policies. Instead of binarily classifying the state-action pairs into two sets (the \textit{uncertain} and the \textit{safe-to-train-on} ones), we adopt a softer strategy that controls the error in the value estimates by constraining the policy change according to the local model uncertainty. The method can take more risks on uncertain actions all the while remaining provably-safe, and is therefore less conservative than the state-of-the-art methods. We propose two algorithms (one optimal and one approximate) to solve this constrained optimization problem and empirically show a significant improvement over existing SPI algorithms both on finite MDPs and on infinite MDPs with a neural network function approximation.
Deep Ordinal Reinforcement Learning (1905.02005v2)
Alexander Zap, Tobias Joppen, Johannes Fürnkranz
2019-05-06
Reinforcement learning usually makes use of numerical rewards, which have nice properties but also come with drawbacks and difficulties. Using rewards on an ordinal scale (ordinal rewards) is an alternative to numerical rewards that has received more attention in recent years. In this paper, a general approach to adapting reinforcement learning problems to the use of ordinal rewards is presented and motivated. We show how to convert common reinforcement learning algorithms to an ordinal variation by the example of Q-learning and introduce Ordinal Deep Q-Networks, which adapt deep reinforcement learning to ordinal rewards. Additionally, we run evaluations on problems provided by the OpenAI Gym framework, showing that our ordinal variants exhibit a performance that is comparable to the numerical variations for a number of problems. We also give first evidence that our ordinal variant is able to produce better results for problems with less engineered and simpler-to-design reward signals.