Continuing the topic started about the electric charge. I thought of why one substance conducts electricity, and another does not. What distinguishes them is if all substances are arranged identically and differ in the number of parts that make up the core and properties that are based on electronic shells or orbits. And the electron itself does not represent anything, it does not have any weight, but it has a charge with a negative sign. And these little bits are the basis of everything, our world is on them! It does not seem strange such a confluence of circumstances.
Returning to the electric charge. There is such a thing as electrical displacement. If not mistaken, he introduced Faraday. In general, it is more convenient for me to use the definitions that were introduced by the discoverers. I do not like modern concepts, they are detached from reality.
The electrical bias was determined to explain the electrization of the dielectric. Now this concept has been replaced by electric induction. But I think the bias was a real bias. Perhaps not atoms, but there may be a change in their shape. Stretches toward the next atom. Electrification created excitation, which in its case was manifested in the appearance of a charge.
Charge. Potential. The charge is, according to the logic of physics, constant. This is the electron charge. But then why do we have different potentials. For air, the breakdown voltage is 30000V per 1 centimeter. For mica 10000000V. For the tree 40000V. For paraffin 270000V.
I sketched how I represent the offset and charge. The figure shows the unchanged core, which is in the center. At the top are neutral atoms, they are round. From below are electrically excited atoms. That's how I imagine the offset. This bias is known to us reliably when the potential difference is applied. The greater the difference, the greater the offset.
I marked a positive charge, it looks bulging. The sign "-" is a negative charge, it looks retracted. Now what happens if you increase the potential. For example, as was noted above for air up to 30,000 volts. The atom is so stretched that it closes on each other, we get an electrical breakdown and, accordingly, the destruction of atoms. You ask, but what about the conductors of metals and similar materials. The difference is that in dielectrics have a "directional" displacement. Therefore, atoms form elongated lines. These are their properties. Rather, it is related to the arrangement of atoms relative to each other. A metal can have a bias in all directions. In other words, it constructs curved lines. And in metals there is the same shift, the difference is that the atoms are close, so to say, densely packed in the structure of the material. Sufficiently small potential to transmit a long distance it. Another metal has resistance. About this further.