Methods for the study of mental processes, properties and conditions. /part 3/
Methods of Intelligence Research - Many of the definitions of intellect, summarized, are limited to three types of understanding of it: learning ability, ability to abstract thinking; ability to adapt. The third understanding of the intellect, such as the ability to adapt, or the definition of the intellect through the adaptive activity of the people, is the most common and shared by most researchers. Therefore, in dictionaries of psychology, intellect is often defined as "the ability to understand the relationships that exist in a situation in order for the person to adapt to it, to achieve its goals." The other condition is the understanding of its structure.
This is also a problem that is very much discussed, and this continues. The most commonly expressed in psychological science on this issue has two opposite directions: monofacous theory and multifactorial theory. The founder of the monofactorial theory is the English researcher Spirman. According to him, one general factor and another specific factor can be defined in the intellect. A follower and developer of Spirman's ideas is the American psychologist Ketel. He distinguishes two equally important, but different, content determining factors. Namely: a common fluid intelligence and a common crystallized intellect. Fluid Intelligence means biologically determined abilities, an innate mental potential that determines the success of the person in discovering and manipulating complex relationships. Crystallized intelligence means those abilities that are the result of the ontogenetic experience. It is aware of the socio-cultural factors, the specifics of education, etc. characteristics of the person's personal development.
It is these abilities that are registered with traditional intellectual tests. In the multi-factor theory of Thorndek, it is assumed that the intellect consists of many factors or elements. Any mental act involves a number of elements that interact with one another. Thorndek's ideas have been developed by Turnstone, who has the greatest merit in the development of multifactorial theory. At first, the study of the intellect is related to distinguishing mentally retarded children from normal. Bine, who creates the so-called " a metric ladder for measuring the intellect, and later with Simon they work on it by introducing the notion of mental age. Tests in the Stanford version of the Bine-Simon metric ladders are grouped at an adult level. The majority of Stanford-Bine tests are unsuitable for research over 22 years of age. It is believed that the reliability of the Stanford-Binet methodology is at a relatively good level. And the validity of the tests can be judged by the analysis of the content of the tasks offered in them. It should be noted that the data obtained by Stanford-Bine's methodology and the IQ coefficient alone should not be fetishised as the only reliable data for assessing the intelligence of the people surveyed.
A number of researchers in the field of intelligence assessment methodologies are critical to IQ. The most famous of them is Wexler, who considers that such a magnitude is not an intellectual at all, and that we have to abandon the notion of "mental age". In the opinion of Wexler, the intellect can not be separated from the other properties of the personality. In his view, it is a global ability, a manifestation of the personality as a whole. In developing his series of tests for intelligence research, he is based on the Spirming theory. In his methodology are included a number of so-called. subtests designed to explore different aspects of the intellect.
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