Part One

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The vices - Moral vices are the negatives of virtue. They characterize the "dark side" of man. The defect stems from the corruption of moral will. When we look for sincerity, but we encounter hypocrisy, we say "this is immoral." When we see someone permanently embarrassing or envy, we "compress" these manifestations and begin to look at them as his lasting moral qualities. Then we talk about "his vices." One is characterized by the vices of weakness (cowardice, irresponsibility) and for other vices of the group of rudeness (arrogance, indolence). Death of sin and forgiveness of sin - In the Christian morality, vices are grasped. There is a distinction between unforgivable ("mortal") sins and forgiveness of sins. The unforgivable sins are seven: "Do not kill, do not commit adultery, do not steal, do not perjure, do not harm, honor your father and mother" (Matthew 10:19). Death sin destroys love in the heart of man, that is, causes the moral death of the soul. One can no longer return to the good. Forgive is that sin that hurts love, but does not destroy it. This sin leaves the opportunity, through repentance and moral support from the church, to return to the good.

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Hierarchy of Values

What is the higher good?

Is there an "inequality" between goods? How do we arrange them to build our own value system? Each ethic gives its own answer to the question of the higher good. For Aristotle, a good life is a life, devoted to contemplation. For Epicurus, it is most valuable for a person to reach calmness, to impermanence. According to Kant, the highest degree of morality is the holy will. What is the hierarchy of honesty? In modern philosophy, an interesting idea of ​​the hierarchy of values ​​is represented by the German philosopher Max Scheler. According to him, there are five levels (listed in ascending order).
Physical level - values ​​of pleasure;
Values ​​of the useful (pragmatic values);
Vital Values ​​- Health, Long Life;
Intellectual values ​​- knowledge of truth, justice, beautiful;
Religious values ​​- values ​​of the holy.

According to Sartre, each person seeks to become God in his own way. to acquire perfection: the architect by changing the silhouette of the city, the musician by discovering melodies that the whole world will sing, the chess player by inventing new combinations, and so on. Accordingly, everyone, either explicitly or implicitly, arranges his own hierarchy of values ​​in which he himself believes. Therefore, through his life, one wants to show what is the best order of values ​​in the world. And everyone can offer their version of a hierarchy of values, in which both traditional ideas and small personal discoveries are intertwined. That is why we can see every human life as a moral lesson. Is there a noble lie? Another case of a lack of conscience is the lie. The lie is neither a mistake nor an ignorance. Man is wrong in his opinions, because he is not perfect. Mistakes in science are part of the history of knowledge. If Ptolemy did not make mistakes, Galileo would not need to be born. Lying is deliberate. The lie is a deliberate moral untruth. The lizard knows the truth, but with the indignation of an aggressive hypocrite or the cowardly he speaks something else. The lizard does not have an internal intolerance to untruth, because his conscience is weak and anemic.

The aggressive liar may be a hypocrite, but the one who has some conscience is trying to justify himself. The most common excuse is called "noble lie". The philosophers have argued a lot about whether such a "noble lie" is acceptable. Could there be something noble in the lie? Is nobleness compatible with lie? It is a nobleman who has such merits that he does not need to conceal and lie. The Russian philosopher, Vladimir Solovyov, argues that if a person deceives a potential killer and does not show him where the victim lives, he does morally. According to Solovyov, such a move is moral because it does not:

1. nothing shameful because it is in support of higher values ​​(human life);
2. nothing offensive because it does not violate human rights;
3. nothing wicked because God would not protect the murderer.

According to Solovyov, there is no lie in the moral sense. The information we give the murderer is untrue, but our deed is in a moral sense. This view contradicts the ideas of Immanuel Kant who categorically does not accept the "noble lie". If we take an innocent lie as an exaggeration of courtesy (for example, someone says "Hello, Sunshine" to everyone you meet), here, according to Kant, there is no lie, for no one is lying about these innocent flatteries. Every lie humiliates the man, Kant says. It humiliates its human dignity, so it can not be acceptable in any form. Freedom of weakness - If "virtues are the hardness of moral will" (Kant), then the degrees of human virtue will depend on how much man possesses moral strength. One can be free in a general sense as a human being, but not enough power to choose the good and make an effort to do good.