Ancient philosophy. Aristotle's logic

Creating logic has arisen during Aristotle's practical life needs. Sophistically verbal perversion and false science became a real public disaster. Instead of honest searching and discerning truth, they triumphed the most clever and ruthless proponents of truth, which thus led to skepticism and indifference. That is why it was necessary to establish accurately and deliberately the mistakes they make in their evidence, as well as to point out the qualities and rules of the true evidence. It was precisely the brilliant Aristotle that filled the various departments of logic.

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The first part, not the most important, but the methodological, is the topic, the science of evidence with its special controversy, the doctrine of false sophisticated evidence. While the last part reveals the False of Sophistication, the first one gives Aristotle's own teachings to seek and prove the truth. But logic is not only controversial. It is above all a trace of the way of science at all. That is why the foundations are fully explored and, starting with the category teachings, which is at the forefront of the philosopher's collected logical works. Indeed, the authenticity of this teaching by some has been disputed, but in fact, if not Aristotle himself, at least completely in his spirit. Because, as we have seen about it, as well as about Plato at all, the generic is before the private and the species, so it was very natural to put the categories first. These are precisely the most common parts of reality and the most general concepts that all encompass and have no higher than themselves. Before moving on to the reasoning and the mucus, Aristotle deals with the concepts and gives the most attention to the most general concepts, the categories.

Aristotle, in chapter four of his writing about the categories, listing these ten categories, states that there is no word that does not express anything from these ten sectors of reality, and there is no real thing or phenomenon in which they can not fit in these its ten categories: what it is, what it is, where it is, when it is, how it is, and so on. "Every word spoken, says Aristotle, expresses either substance (or essence), or quantity, or quality, or attitude, or place, or time, or position, or possession, or action, or suffering." Among these ten categories, Aristotle always puts the category of essence in the first place, without which others are impossible. In some cases, it has only four categories: essence, quantity, quality and attitude. It is very important that, according to Aristotle, categories are not only the most general concepts, but that they represent the true natural reality. Everything else - private, subordinate and conditioned - is only for us first, as we first encounter it in the world, we perceive it before we reach the categories.