The Different of Gemstone Mineral in Chemistry Version

jamhuery (61)in #science • 7 years ago (edited)

Minerals in Nature

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Based on chemical compounds, the minerals can be grouped into Silicate minerals and Non-silicate minerals. There are eight of non-silicate minerals group, namely Oxide, Sulfide, Sulfate, Native element, Halide, Carbonate, Hydroxide, and Phosphate (see Table B ).

The silicate minerals (containing elements of SiO) commonly found in rocks are as shown in Table A. As we know that no less than 2,000 types of minerals are known until now. However, only a few species are involved in the formation of rocks. These minerals are called Rock forming minerals, which main constituents of rocks from the Earth's crust and mantle. Rock forming minerals are group:

Silicate,
Oxides,
Sulfides and
Carbonate and Sulfate.

Silicate Mineral

Nearly 90% of rock forming minerals are from this group, which is a compound between silicon and oxygen with some metal elements. Because it has large amount, almost 90% of the Earth's crust is made up from silicate minerals, and nearly 100% of Earth's mantle (up to 2,900 km of Earth's crust). Silicates are the main parts of make up rocks, whether sediments, igneous rocks or rocks. The common rock-forming silicate is divided into two groups, namely the ferro magnesium and non-ferro magnesium groups. The Silicate mineral namely :

Quartz: (SiO₂)
Feldspar Alkali: (KAlSi₃O₈)
Feldspar Plagioclase: (Ca, Na) AlSi₃O₈)
Mica Muscovite: (K₂Al₄(Si₆Al₂O₂0)(OH, F)₂
Mica Biotite: K₂ (Mg, Fe) 6Si₃O₁₀(OH)₂
Amphibole: (Na, Ca)₂(Mg, Fe, Al)₃(Si, Al)₈O₂₂(OH)
Pyroxene: (Mg, Fe, Ca, Na) (Mg, Fe, Al)Si₂O₆
Olivin: (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄

Note :

1 - 4 is non-ferro magnesium minerals
5 - 8 is ferro magnesium minerals

Mineral	Formula
Olivine	(Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄
Pyroxene	(Mg, Fe)SiO₃
Amphibole	(Ca₂Mg₅)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Mica Muscovite	K Al₃Si₃O₁₀(OH)₂
Mica Biotite	K(Mg,Fe)₃Si₃O₁₀(OH)₂
Feldspar Orthoclase	K Al Si₃O₈
Feldspar Plagioclase	(Ca, Na)AlSi₃O₈
Quartz	SiO₃

Ferro Magnesium

Generally has a dark or black color and large density.

Olivine: known for its olive color. Specific gravity ranges from 3.27 to 3.37, growing as a mineral that has a less than perfect split area.

Augitite: the color is very dark green to black. BD ranges from 3.2 to 3.4 with the intersecting plane intersecting almost perpendicularly. This split field is very important to distinguish it from hornblende minerals.

Hornblende: the color is green to black; BD. 3.2 and having a split plane intersecting at an angle of approximately 56 ° and 124 ° which is helpful in recognizing it.

Biotite: is a flat-shaped mica mineral that can easily be exfoliated. In a thick, dark green to brown-black; BD 2.8 - 3.2.

Mineral Non Ferro Magnesium

Muscovite: Called white mica because of its bright color, light yellow, brown, green or red. BD. Ranged from 2.8 - 3.1.

Feldspar: Is the most rock-forming mineral. Its name also reflects this mineral found in every field. Feld in German is field (Field). The amount in the Earth's crust is almost 54%. The names given to feldspar are plagioclase and orthoclase. Plagioclase can then also be divided into two, albite and anorthite. Orthoclase are those containing potassium, albite containing Sodium and Anorthite containing Calcium. Orthoclase: have a distinctive color that is white gray or pink. BD. 2.57.

Table B : Non Silicate Mineral

Group	Name	Formula
Oxide	Hematite	Fe₂O₃
____	Corundum	Al₂O₃
____	Magnetite	Fe₃O₄
Sulfide	Pyrite	FeS₂
____	Bornite	Cu₅FeS₄
____	Cannabar	HgS
Sulfate	Gypsum	CaSO₄.2H₂O
____	Anhydrite	CaSO₄
____	Barite	BaSO₄
Native Elements	Gold	Au
____	Coper	Cu
____	Diamond	C
Halides	Halite	NaCl
____	Flourite	CaF₂
____	Sylvite	KCl
carbonate	Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
____	Malachite	Cu₂OH₂CO₃

Quartz: Sometimes called silica. Its only rock-forming mineral consisting of silicon and oxygen compounds. Generally comes with colors like smoke or smooky, also called smooky quartz. Sometimes it could be purple color or red-violet (violet). Such quartz names are called amethyst, red massif or pink, yellow to brown. Various colors are caused by other elements that are not clean.

Mineral oxide.

Formed as a result of a direct compound between oxygen and certain elements. The arrangement is simpler than silicate. Mineral oxides are generally harder than other minerals except silicates. They are also heavier except sulphide. The most important ingredients in the oxides are iron, chroom, manganese, tin and aluminum. Some of the most common oxide minerals are ice (H₂O), corundum (Al₂O₃), hematite (Fe₂O₃) and cassiterite (SnO₂).

Mineral Sulfide.

It is a direct mineral compound of certain elements with sulfur (sulfur), such as iron, silver, copper, lead, zinc and mercury. Some of these sulphide minerals are present as materials having economic value, or ore, such as pyrite (FeS₃), chalcocite (Cu₂S), galena (PbS), and sphalerite (ZnS).

Carbonate and Sulfate Minerals.

Is a compound with ions (CO₃)₂-, and is called carbonate, for example compounds with Ca are called calcium carbonate, CaCO₃ is known as calcite minerals. This mineral is the main structure that forms the sedimentary rock.

Conclusion

The strength of a gemstone power or scale of mosh is measured by compound of Oxygen molecules binding on Silica, the more Siloxane cluster (Si_XO_Y)in a component the more high of the mosh scale.