ProximaX- A next generation blockchain protocol with dynamic service layer that offers flexibility, ease of adoption, integration, speed & cost-efficiency.

in #proximax4 years ago

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Everything in this world is in a process of evolution. It is a natural process. When it comes to the evolution of technology, then this evolution is distinctly visible as a technological domain is a fast-changing & rapidly upgrading domain. When it is about different technologies of the 21st century, blockchain is a distinct and robust technology that has redefined the conduct of business. The trustless transaction without a third party is now a reality. The blockchain technology has also been going through the evolution process since its inception.

The 1st generation, 2nd generation, 3rd generation blockchain technology have already evolved as a result of the evolution of this technology. The blockchain sphere is on its way to offer its 4th generation blockchain solution. But by large the evolution process is also as per the requirement of the real-world applications and business processes. So in order to cope up with the business needs the tech experts are being challenged to provide an infrastructure which can be easily coupled with the business needs.

The blockchain sphere has already witnessed the trustless peer to peer transaction, the smart contract, tokenization of business/services with smart contracts, the DApps to front-run the business solution, highly scalable blockchain infrastructure and so on. 4th generation technology demands something beyond it. Everyone is after optimization, optimization also relates to saving of time. The solution has to be evolved in such a way that it can fit to a large range of use-cases and requirements. A convergent solution with an integrated DLT is what the 4th generation blockchain technology demands which can integrate with various service layers(like storage, database, streaming, etc) so that a business/enterprise can front-run on the top of blockchain technology with minimal development & in quickest possible time.

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(1) 1st generation Blockchain

  • The 1st generation blockchain was mainly for transferring funds from one party to the other without a third party(bank) and in a trustless manner. It uses cryptography to achieve this objective, hence the fund transferred with such a technology is known as cryptocurrency. The transaction is recorded in the blockchain immutably.

  • Example- Bitcoin.

  • The 1st generation blockchain is highly secure, highly decentralized but with low scalability.

(2) 2nd generation Blockchain

  • The 2nd generation blockchain introduced smart contract and DApps ecosystem. It creates the possibility of a large range of use-cases. Any business or service can be tokenized, the complex transactions of real-world applications other than money(for example- purchasing a house, casting a vote, trading of assets between two parties, uploading a file, etc) can be swiftly done with a coded logic known as a smart contract. The decentralized application can front-run the technology for a variety of real-world business and services.

  • Example- Etherum Blockchain

  • The 2nd generation blockchain is highly secure, highly decentralized, less scalable, but expands the utility of blockchain technology to a large range of use-cases with the introduction of Smart contracts & DApps.

(3) 3rd generation Blockchain

  • Both 1st generation and 2nd generation blockchain focused on high security, high decentralization. It also explored the potential use-cases of blockchain technology but has very low scalability. The potential of any technology can not be delivered in reality unless it is scalable. Other than that the performance of the DApps ecosystem will always be questioned with less scalable infrastructure. So the third generation blockchain focuses on scalability. It also introduces the multichain system & other 2nd layer scaling solutions to improve the scalability and performance of the DApps ecosystem.

  • Example- EOS Blockchain

  • The 3rd generation blockchain is highly scalable, low to medium-security, low to medium decentralization, but perfect for the performance of DApps ecosystem.

(4) 4th generation Blockchain

  • Along with a scalable blockchain, ensuring security and the fundamental decentralization, the 4th generation blockchain is an "integrated & distributed ledger technology", which extends the usability of blockchain by integrating with service layers, so offering the blockchain technology for the enterprise application which is analogous to software-as-a-service of centralized architecture.

  • Example- ProximaX

  • Thee 4th generation blockchain is secure, scalable, decentralized & with dynamic service layers(with expandability features). It reduces the development cost, saves time and the business or the individual can utilize blockchain technology with minimal knowledge.

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ProximaX platform is an integrated & distributed ledger technology that integrates the blockchain protocol with peer to peer, distributed dynamic service layers. The major selling of ProximaX is its "Dynamic Service Layer", which is flexible & consists of a number of core service units. At the moment there are four major core service units- Storage unit, Streaming Unit, Supercontracts, Content review unit, etc. As it is flexible, a number of units can be added to the Dynamic Service Layer.

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ProximaX revolutionizes the platform by infusing fundamental blockchain properties to the service layer. That implies that the enterprise edition of a blockchain solution can now experience the advantages of a blockchain and the advantages of the database, storage, streaming, etc which until now are centralized. Nevertheless, the enterprises can save a lot of time and cost as they can now leverage the dynamic service layers of ProximaX platform.

All the service units are wrapped with an accessible API through SDK and offered to the enterprises as plugins. The DApps can be created on the top of ProximaX Sirius chain, core service units can be utilized and/or new service units can be added. In a nutshell, ProximaX platform offers flexibility, ease of integration, security, speed, and cost-efficiency, etc all packaged within one extensive framework.

Any type of blockchain can be forged with ProximaX platform such as- Public Blockchain, Private Blockchain, Hybrid Blockchain.

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(1) Development cost & time

In the existing blockchain, for an enterprise edition blockchain solution, first, it requires high-end technical knowledge of blockchain technology and second, that consumes time. In business principles, consumption of more time means the additional cost as well as the loss of opportunity cost. The existing state of blockchain technology does not have database, storage, streaming layers, etc, so the enterprises always have to take the route of developing these tools for their business to serve the purpose.

ProximaX offers Dynamic service layer which consists of a number of core service units like database, storage, streaming, content review etc, so almost all enterprise solutions can be built on the top of ProximaX platform without having to know the high-end technicals of blockchain technology. It also has a set of API and SDK which makes the service layer accessible as plugins to the enterprise solution. Simply put, it reduces the development time and cost and a solution can be developed on the top ProximaX platform in quickest possible time.

(2) Flexibility

Most of the existing blockchain lacks flexibility. In the existing state, there is tight coupling between the various components, which makes the developer's job tough. Further, in the case of a Smart contract it is rigid, means once the code is set, it can not be modified. The supported programming languages are also very restricted.

ProximaX offers flexibility. So the service layer can be extended with new service components, the developers can add a new unit. Further, instead of a rigid Smart contract, ProximaX deploys Supercontracts on its blockchain which can be modified depending upon the consensus between the parties who are in agreement with that contract. ProximaX supports a wide variety of programming languages such as Java, C++, Python, C#, Golang, Js and Rust. So the developer will always have the extra margin and flexibility.

(3) Adaptability

A blockchain solution can be adaptable if it is a convergent and composite solution to the enterprises. Just offering a blockchain platform may not be enough to catch the attention of a wide variety of enterprises. The traditional units such as database, storage, etc of the centralized architecture are a necessity for most of the enterprises and businesses. So an integrated, convergent blockchain solution is required.

ProximaX is fundamentally an integrated & distributed ledger technology(IaDLT) which integrates the blockchain protocol with its dynamic service layer. The dynamic service layer is composed of a number of units like database, storage, streaming, etc. So its approach as a blockchain solution is really a convergent solution on the top of which the enterprises can leverage the benefits of blockchain fundamentals and service units.

(4) The ability of a DApp to implement its own payment method

In most of the blockchains, the DApps are not allowed to have their own payment methods. In most of the cases, they are restricted with the blockchain's native token as the payment method. This is a discouraging aspect in the context of mass adoption. This not a pro-business approach either.

ProximaX allows the DApps to implement their own payment method to the extent that they can accept any cryptocurrency or even the fiat as payment method. ProximaX has precisely defined the external and internal economy. The external economy gives a free hand to the DApps to implement their own payment method and the end-user can use the services of the platform using the internal economy. So the DApps can accept any payment method and later they can convert that to access the internal economy of the platform. This tokenomics of ProximaX looks very promising and encouraging for the businesses and enterprises.

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ProximaX Sirius chain is the platform's blockchain which is responsible for storing, validating and chaining together the blocks of data using the cryptographic technique just like the other normal blockchain, but it differs from the other normal blockchain in a sense that it structures the blocks of data in various layers and each layer of structured data can be used for specific business use-cases.

In ProximaX Sirius chain, asset representation can be done, tokens can be created for specific business needs, all the "work done" in the network can be incentivized. All the structured layers in Sirius chain are defined as "service units" which are part of the token economy of the ProximaX platform. So the access and use of each service unit have financial implications. Sirius chain allows the extendability functions in the service units.

The Sirius chain runs by the consensus algorithm Proof-of-Stake(PoS) & Proof-of-Greed(PoG). PoS requires staking to become a validator node. PoG counter-balances the PoS mechanism so that the selection of validator nodes can not be solely on the basis of stake. PoG keeps a check on the greedy behavior of a node charging high transaction fees. Apart from that the age of the node is also taken into account for the selection of validator nodes. So PoS and PoG together make the Sirius network fair & balanced.

XPX is the native token of the Sirius chain. So it is obvious that the validator nodes need to stake XPX token as Proof of Stake.

It has a precisely defined rate chart which specifies the default fee structure of different types of transactions.

The main goals of the Sirius chain are:-

  • To facilitate the transactions for the use of the platform's core services.
  • To ensure security, efficiency, scalability.
  • To allow developing & building any type of service either as an extension or as an application vertically on top of the platform.
  • To offer flexibility, extendability & to facilitate deployment of advanced applications.
  • To allow a large range of simple & common devices to participate as a node & run the platform. In other words, lowering the barrier to entry.

The Sirius chain also has advanced built-in features and these built-in features further strengthen its wide applicability and usability. The various built-in features are:-

Account

An account consists of a private key and public key. The account holder is offered with a deposit box in the blockchain. The account holder can only modify the deposit box with the pair of keys. A user is recognized as an account holder if he/she owns the keys of that account.

Namespaces

A namespace is a unique place on-chain that represents the business. So a namespace can be created on the Sirius chain and it resembles the domain name of the internet.

Mosaics

Mosaics imparts flexibility to Sirius chain. Mosaics are contracts that can represent almost anything on the Sirius chain. A mosaic can be a token, can be a collection of specialized assets such as shares, bonds, signatures, votes, etc. Mosaics can be fungible as well as non-fungible token. The unique properties of Mosaics are- divisibility, transferability, supply mutability, etc. These properties enhances the limitations and controls-- as these unique properties will ensure that the mosaics are best utilized for the business needs-- e.g. the supply can be altered to control inflation.

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Metadata

The customizable attachment of data to the predefined objects is known as Metadata in Sirius chain. With metadata, Accounts, Namespaces, Mosaics can have additional flexibility as metadata can be added, modified, deleted.

Multi-level Multi-signatures

The hierarchical approval of the assignments/tasks is very prevalent in almost all businesses/enterprises. So in an enterprise edition of a blockchain solution, it is essential to implement multi-signatures to reach an agreement between the various entities of a task/assignment under consideration, so that a comprehensive approval can be done at multiple levels to reach the larger objective of the business.

Cross-chain transactions

As various types of chains(public, private, hybrid chains) thrive on Sirius chain as side-chains, it is essential to make the side chain-main chain interoperable so that the transfer of assets from one chain to the other is possible. This is supported in Sirius chain with an "atomic swap" facility. Cross-chain transactions expand business potential.

Aggregated transactions

When a set of multiple transactions are batched together, it is known as Aggregated transactions. For the execution of such a transaction, all the account holders have to co-sign the transaction. Trustless swap in such a case happenes through an advanced logic.

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In ProximaX, along with the main blockchain protocol, all other service units co-exist in the platform. The functions of all the service units are different, so the servers are also independent of each other. The node actors also vary from each other. The "work done" in different units depends on the consensus(which again varies from one unit to the other) & it incentivizes the nodes.

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The main function of the storage unit is to store all types of data-- binary, video, text, images, etc. The key advantage of ProximaX Storage unit is that it is decentralized & uses encryption to make it secure, so it can be cost-effective for the enterprises as compared to the centralized cloud services. There are certain node actors which are assigned into the job of storage and they perform the "work done" based on the consensus and earns an incentive in return. The consensus that is used in the storage unit is "Proof-of-Storage".

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Using sharding technology the data is first sharded into different chunks/pieces. These pieces are then encrypted and stored in the nodes of the distributed file management system in a distributed way. In order to enhance security another layer of pseudonymization is carried out. The data owners can only edit the data.

Depending upon the type of "work done" required in the storage unit, the network may choose any or all of the node actors. The DApps may issue a storage request which is recorded as a transaction in Sirius chain. The Acceptor nodes will accept the request and the Replicator nodes will fulfill that request, then the storage service will finally be activated for the DApps. Bandwidth(SM) and storage space(SO) are important to the storage unit. The replicator nodes charge SO & SM and the acceptor nodes charge SM.

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  • For transferring the file bandwidth(SM) is required.
  • For storing the file storage space(SO) is required.

Each node has a specific capacity. The capacity of a node is determined by Proof of Storage in the storage node.

In a decentralized network of storage, it is natural that some nodes will on-board and some will off-board and this cycle may continue. But it is equally important to ensure a well-established on-boarding and off-boarding process so that the network remains robust all the time after all the consumer's data security is the responsibility of the storage network. Therefore the node owners in order to on-board into the network have to prove that they have the capability and capacity, which is established by proof-of-Storage.

Proof-of-Storage is carried out to determine the capacity and capability of a node in two ways:-

  • Enhanced Proof-of-Storage
  • Simplified Proof-of-Storage
Enhanced Proof-of-Storage

The data is sharded into chunks. These chunks are encrypted with the replicator's key. Then the chunks are scattered across the replicators. Then the replicators are verfiied using multi-signature. If there is a mis-match then the replicators are identified as faulty replicators and hence removed from the network.

Simplified Proof-of-Storage

In simplified proof-of-storage "ping mechansim" is used. The signature of the root file is taken as the basis of ping. In the verification, it is checked whether the replicators have the same signature as that of the root file or not. If it matches then the replicators are verified else discarded from the network.

Note- It is important to note that the replicators are dynamically controlled in the storage network & no nodes can create multiple identities.

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If a consumer wants to use the storage unit, then explain in detailed steps how the consumer can use the ProximaX storage unit?

This use-case can be executed in the following ways:-

  • The consumer must pay the fees in XPX.

  • Then it is converted into the required service units using the automated inner exchange. In this example, the consumer will require SM and SO units.

  • Then the Super contract is used which specifies the price, storage size, and duration.

  • Once the Supercontract is floated, to meet the contract criteria, the storage node actors prove their capability and capacity by staking the required amount of SM and SO units, so that the node actors can get a chance to provide and run the service.

  • Then the contract is confirmed on Sirius chain and the node actors are chosen to perform the transfer of the file(for which SM is required) and storing of file(for which SO is required). The protocol includes the key of the chosen replicator to the contract.

  • The payments in SO and SM units in this example will be sent to the respective node accounts. In this way, the consumers use the storage unit for their specific need and the relevant node actors are incentivized for the specific "storage work done".

  • The consumer can now use the storage unit. The consumer can perform the various operation in this decentralized storage unit-- Uploading a file, Deleting a file, Modifying a file, Renaming a file, Copying a file, etc.

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Streaming unit of ProximaX Sirius comes into two forms:-

  • Storage streaming
  • Live streaming
Storage streaming

In this, the data is pre-recorded, stored in the storage unit and then streamed across a number of viewers using the streaming unit. The content of streaming can be downloaded by both the content owner as well as consumers. Youtube, Dtube kind of applications can be made using this "storage streaming". But the advantage of using storage streaming is that it is decentralized, autonomous and cost-effective for both the content creator and the consumer.

Live streaming

In this, the data is recorded live, transmitted and distributed to a number of viewers instantly. So from a live source, the data fans out to a number of distribution points in an autonomous way. The broadcasting application can be built and developed on the top of ProximaX platform and leverage this live streaming feature to broadcast live in a decentralized and cost-effective way. Both live audio and video streaming can be done. Both one-one and one-many live streaming can be done using Sirius live streaming unit.

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A node can participate in streaming unit to broadcast the data on the basis "Proof-of-Bandwidth". In Proof-of-Bandwith, the participatory node has to provide the bandwidth statistics via an indeterministic process. The indeterministic process returns a set of data(time tags), based on which the reputation score is determined. The reputation score will further determine the probability of being selected as a streaming node. Time tags are important in live streaming as it is not possible to reward transactions via blockchain.

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If a consumer(Terry) wants to use the one-to-one live streaming with Jack, then explain in detailed steps how the consumer can use the ProximaX live streaming unit?

Here in this use-case, the Stream sender is Terry and the Stream receiver is Jack.
This use-case can be executed in the following ways:-

  • The consumer must pay the fees in XPX.

  • Then it is converted into the required service units using the automated inner exchange.

  • A stream contract is created which specifies SM & Metadata.

  • Once the stream contract is floated, to meet the contract criteria, the stream verifier nodes stake their deposit in SM units and also check their connection between Stream sender and Stream receiver.

  • The latency and bandwidth are checked.

  • Depending upon the stake deposit, latency, and bandwidth the Stream sender chooses one of the stream verifier nodes. This stream verifier node will act as a streaming landing node for initial streaming.

  • The communication from Stream sender to Stream receiver is established via Stream landing node.

  • Each time a Stream Landing node receives a time tag "ts", it confirms it by signing the time tag "tsl" and sends it immediately back to the Stream Sender. Failing to do so will have the stream landing node replaced with another one.

  • Stream Sender sends the time tag "tsl" to all Stream Verifier nodes.

  • Stream Landing node transmits the time tag "tsl" along with stream content to the Stream Receiver.

  • Stream Receiver receives the content from the Stream Landing node, it confirms receipt of the stream content by signing the time tag "tslr". The signed time tag "tslr" with added metadata is sent back to the Stream Landing node which is treated as proof that the Stream Receiver has received the stream content.

  • Based on the proof the stream landing node receives the reward. In case of poor quality content broadcasted, some of the time tags will be lost and the number of "tsl" tags will be significantly lower than "tslr" tags. In such an event, the Stream sender can replace the stream landing node with another one.

  • The incentives are sent to the respective node actors in this live streaming process.

This is an example of one-to-one live streaming

One-to-many live streaming

One-to-many live streaming can also be done in a similar way. However, it must be noted that owing to bandwidth issues it may not practically be possible for a stream landing node to broadcast to multiple stream receiver nodes. Hence a Stream distributor node is introduced to cater to the heavy traffic and streaming to multiple stream receivers. The Stream distributor node interacts with the Stream landing node and the Stream receivers in a similar manner as that of one-to-one streaming.

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The good standing of a business or deal is directly proportional to how good a contract is written and how flawless it is. If a contract(having a flaw in it) is coded and executed immutably in the blockchain, then it may result in serious discomfort in executing the business. In real & practical world immutable contracts may not best serve a business use case.

In order to solve this problem, ProximaX Sirius has introduced supercontract which can be modified & amended. If there is a flaw in the contract it can be modified and corrected later on. However, modification and amendment to the contract require consensus from the pre-established authorized parties. A supercontract can be written in programming languages like Java, C++, Python, C#, Golang, Js, and Rust, etc.

Process of execution of a Supercontract:-

  • A new supercontract is uploaded in Sirius storage.
  • A hash is generated.
  • Using multi-signature transactions, the consensus is reached between the pre-established parties & based on the consensus the supercontract is approved.
  • The application developers use SDKs to call the supercontract.
  • The announcement triggers the execution of the supercontract.
  • The execution output is recorded in Sirius chain.

In a supercontract execution, SO units are consumed, therefore the storage node actors are incentivized.

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The content review unit uses stake based consensus. The censorship nodes are responsible for removing and/or ban a particular content. The content managers can monetize their content using this unit.

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The consensus algorithms through which the Sirius chain runs are- PoS & PoG.

PoS basically focuses on the stake requirement and reputation of a node. PoG counters excessive stake of a node, balances the network and acts as a security grid for the Sirius chain.

For a node to become a validator node in Sirius chain it is essential to stake XPX and become older, as the likelihood of becoming a validator node is more with an older node. The minimum recommended stake is 250, 000 XPX. The recommended stake is 2,500,000 XPX.

Once a node stakes XPX, the account of the node is then tied with validator software. The validator software performs the verification check & establishes the reputation of the node based on the amount of stake and age of the node. If the node is chosen for the validation work, then the node receives a split of block rewards. The block reward is sent to the node's account.

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A default fee structure is set by the Sirius chain which specifies the recommended transaction price for consumers as well as validators for all types of transactions. The default fee structure is also tied to ProximaX's SDKs.

The SDKs are pre-configured with the following fee structure:-

  • High transaction fee = Recommended transaction price for consumer * 0.025
  • Medium transaction fee = Recommended transaction price for consumer * 0.0025
  • Low transaction fee = Recommended transaction price for consumer * 0.00025

A PoS consensus mechanism alone can lead to centralization of the network as the large stakeholder will stake more and may try to earn more block rewards or may even launch "large stake attack" with malicious intention. Therefore it is essential to have an additional mechanism along with PoS so as to make the staking based consensus decentralized. Sirius chain uses PoG to counter this large stake attack & also restricts the greedy behavior of a node. PoG also ensures that even a validator with a small stake gets an equal opportunity for block validation.

In Proof-of-greed(PoG), the consumers are first allowed to propose their fees for their transactions. The unconfirmed transactions form a transaction pool, from which the validators can take the transactions and charge a fee that can not be more than the maximum specified by a consumer. Further, PoG ensures that lesser the fees a validator ask to process a transaction, higher is the probability of block validation by that validator.

As PoG is counter-productive to greedy validators, it may so happen that bad validator nodes start processing transactions with zero fees and may potentially take control of the network. This is known as Zero-fee attack.

PoG counters the Zero-fee attack by adding a mathematical algorithm in PoG which ensures that those validators are selected who take average fees. Simply put, the average range(fees) validators are selected for block validation.

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There are an external payment method and an internal token ecosystem in the whole framework. The different chains which run on ProximaX platform can have their own tokens, can also accept fiat as per their suitability & strategic business needs. In the internal token ecosystem, there are three types of token units that exist in the ProximaX ecosystem-- XPX, Service Units, Mosaics.

All the chains that work on the top of ProximaX platform have a common integration point with the Sirius chain. Therefore it is essential to have common payment gateway between the external token ecosystem and the internal token ecosystem.

Service units are similar to Etherum's gas token. The different utilities of Service Units are:-

  • To use a particular service- e.g. database, storage, streaming, etc.
  • To incentivize a node for running a service.
  • To represent the capacity of a node for providing a service.

In order to make sure that the consumers seamlessly use the different service units, an automated inner exchange has been designed so that XPX can be converted into different service units and those service units can be paid as per the requirement and use. So the subscribers/consumers have to first purchase XPX tokens and then the XPX tokens can be converted to Service units for subsequent subscription to different services.

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The different service units are quantified as:-

  • SO- Storage Unit
  • SM- Streaming Unit
  • SC- Supercontract unit
  • RW- Review Unit

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Merits

  • ProximaX platform offers adequate security, so it is capable to foil any hacking attempt.

  • It combines a number of units in the form of service layer and these are accessible with API/SDKs, so in other words, it is readily available for the enterprises with very minimal development and cost.

  • Private, public, hybrid, etc all types of blockchains can be created.

  • The consumers/end users can use the core service units in a cost-effective way and also in an autonomous, decentralized way.

  • The dynamic service layer offers extendability-- any new units can be added to the layer.

  • The flexibility offered by Sirius chain is application conducive to a large variety of DApps.

  • The supercontracts can be very useful for the practical world use-cases as it can be modified.

  • The combination of PoS and PoG as the consensus mechanism ensures high scalability and security of the network.

  • As it is distributed all the service units are 100% available all the time.

  • The DApps are allowed to accept any payment as per their business strategy and can utilize the funds in the internal economy as per their requirement and use.

  • It offers the advantages of blockchain technology and the advantages of the database, storage, streaming etc which opens up a large possibility of use cases and business applications.

Demerits

  • In live streaming it uses time tags which drops frequently in case of poor bandwidth, resulting in re-election & replacement of stream landing nodes. What if the poor bandwidth persists in most of the stream landing nodes? Therefore additional options should be included in the live streaming protocol to ensure smooth and seamless streaming.

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Many types of blockchain projects exist in this domain which offers to address a particular problem interface. The evolution process is also on. What I observed and analyzed about ProximaX is that it has mainly focused on application and usability; that is why it has added the dynamic service layer so that the enterprise edition of a blockchain can be developed in the quickest possible time. The solution also perfectly balances the advantages of both centralized and decentralized features. The architecture of ProximaX has also ensured the security of the chain and the various service units. The distributed network of service units in the form of storage, streaming, database, content, etc at one place is a new dawn in the era of usability of blockchain technology.

More Information & Resources


All the images & logos are taken from the official website of ProximaX. The graphical analysis is my own original work.

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Really great review as always!

Thanks for your contribution.

Regards,
[Realityhubs Curator]


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