4 Period of Power / Islam in Spain

Since Islam first set foot in Spain until its fall, Islam has a very important and big role in the development of Muslims. Islam in Spain has prevailed and reigned for seven and a half centuries and it is a very long time to develop Islam. According to Dr. Badri Orphan, the long history of Islam in Spain can be divided into several periods: [3]

1. The first period (711-755M)
   In this period, Spain was under the rule of the saints who were appointed by the Umayyads based in Damascus. In this period the political stability of the Spanish country has not been achieved perfectly, various disturbances still occur both from outside or from within.
   The disturbance that comes from within is in the form of disputes among the ruling elite. In addition, there are differences of views between caliphs in Damascus and North African governors centered in Kairawan. The disturbance that comes from outside the coming of the remnants of the enemy of Islam in Spain who live in the mountains.

2. The second period (755-912 M)
   In this period Spain was under Abbasid rule in Baghdad. The first Amir was Abdurrahman I who entered Spain, 138 AH / 755 AD and was given the title Abdurrahman Ad-Dakhil. Abdurrahman Ad-Dakhil is a descendant of the Umayyads who escaped the pursuit of the Abbasids when the Abbasids succeeded in conquering the Umayyads in Spain.

        In this period, Muslims began to make progress, both in politics and civilization. Islam at that time began to experience such a powerful development and able to expand its territory in the Spanish region. Abdurrahman Ad-Dakhil founded cordova mosques and schools in major cities in Spain.
   

• The third period (912-1013 AD)
In this period took place from the government of abdurrahman III who titled "An-Nasir" until the emergence of the kings of the group (Muluk al-thawaif). In this period Spain was ruled by a ruler with a khalifah. During this period Muslims in Spain reached the peak of progress and vice that rivaled the Abbasids in Baghdad. Abdurrahman An-Nashir founded the University of Cordoba. The library has hundreds of thousands of books. At this time, people can enjoy high prosperity and prosperity.
Abdurrahman III was a very long king who ruled for 50 years. 50 years he defended the kingdom that his ancestors had founded. The reign of Abdurrahman III was a time of great brilliance in the history of Arabic Spain. All rebellion is put out, disunities are put together, disputes are abolished. At the time of the reign of Abdurrahman III, Islam was able to maintain Arab power in Spain. He also left a great trail in history not only in the Iberian peninsula but also throughout Europe.

After the Caliphate of Abdurrahman III followed by his son, Al-Hakam II (961-976 AD) and son of Al-Hakam II, Hisham II (976-1009 AD). However, when Hisham occupied the leadership at the age of 11 years was the beginning of the destruction of the Umayyads in Spain. Until the year 1013 AD, Spain has split into small countries centered in certain cities.
• The fourth period (1013-1086 AD)
At this time Spain was divided into several small countries centered in certain cities. Even in this period Spain split into more than 30 small countries under the reign of group kings or Al-mulukuth Thawaif centered in a city like sevilla, Cordoba, Taledo and so on.

In this period of Muslims in Spain again entered internal conflicts. Ironically, if it was a civil war, some of the rival parties sought help from Christian kings. However, even so, intellectual life continued to expand in this period. The palaces encouraged scholars and writers to get protection from the palace to the other palaces.

• . The fifth period (1086-1248 AD)
In this period of Islam in Spain though still divided in some countries, but there is one dominant force that is the rule of marurabithun dynasty (1086-1143 AD) and muwahhidin dynasty (1146-1235 AD):

1. a. The Murabitun dynasty
   The murabitun dynasty was originally a powerful and powerful religious movement founded by Yusuf bin Tash'fim in Marocco, North Africa. In 1062 AD he succeeded in establishing a kingdom centered in marakesy. And finally, Islam can enter Spain and can master it. In its subsequent development, the dynasty was led by weak rulers that resulted in the Saragossa region being ruled by the Christians in 1118 AD In 1143 CE, the power of this dynasty was replaced by the Muwahhidun dynasty.

b. Muwahhidun dynasty
This dynasty is based in North Africa founded by Muhammad ibn Tumart. At this time has stood two small strong kingdoms namely in the State of Balansia (Valencia) and Marsiah (Marcia). This dynasty came to Spain under the leadership of Abd-Al-Mun'im. The dynasty underwent many advances in which important Muslim cities of Cordova, Almeria and Granada fell under its rule. But the Muwahhidun dynasty suffered a decline where in 1212 CE, the Christian army succeeded in winning at Las Navas de Tolesa. In such conditions Muslims can not survive the great Christian attacks. Year 1238 M Cordova fell into the hands of Christian rulers and Seville fell in 1248 AD Almost the entire territory of the Islamic Spain out of the hands of the Islamic rulers.

1. The sixth period (1248-1492 AD)
   On this peride only ruled in the granada under the Ahmar Dynasty or the Nasriyah daulat (1232-1492 AD). This dynasty founded the Alhambara palace in Granada city. Civilization again progressed as in the days of Abdurrahman An-Nasir. However, politically dynasty is the last defense in Spain is ended because of disputes of the courtiers in the struggle for power. Abbdullah Muhammad was displeased with his father for appointing his other son as his successor to king. He rebelled and tried to seize power. In the rebellion, his father was killed and replaced by muhammad bin Sa'ad. Abu Abdullah then asked for help to Ferdinand and Isabella to bring him down. These two Christian rulers can defeat the rightful rulers, and Abu Abdullah ascends the throne.

        Ferdinand and Isabella eventually united the two great Christian kingdoms of Aragon and Castillia through marriage. Once united, they united the power of fighting the kingdom of Granada in 1492 AD However, in the end they struck back against the power of Abu Abdullah. Abu Abdullah was unable to withstand the attacks of the Christian ruler so that in the end Abu Abdullah lost the battle. Abu Abdullah finally gave power to Ferdinand and Isabella, while Abu Abdullah moved to North Africa.
   

With the fall of the Bani Ahmar empire, the end of Islamic rule in Spain in 1492 AD until the remains of those who were later forced by the popes in Rome to embrace Christianity. So, there are those who embrace the Christians with forced, some are killed and some still continue to embrace the religion of their ancestors in secret. In the year 1609 AD, it is arguably no more Muslims in this region. Even though Islam has prevailed and can rule there for almost seven and a half centuries.

1. Developmental Development
   The progress of the Umayyads in Andalusia was achieved during the time of Abd al-Rahman al-Dakhil's successor. The progress of Cordova is marked by its magnificent development:

al-Qasr al-Kabir, a satellite city in which there are magnificent palace buildings.
Rushafat, a palace surrounded by a park west of Cordova.
Mosque jami 'Cordova, built in 170 H / 786 M which up to now still upright.
Al-Zahra, a satellite city in the Sierra Monera mountain hill in 325 AH / 936 AD The city is equipped with a roofless mosque (except mihrabnya) and running water in the center of the mosque, a small lake containing beautiful fish, animal parks (wildlife ), arms factories, and jewelry manufacturers. [4]

1. Economic Development
   The new development of Spain was also supported by economic prosperity in the 9th and 10th centuries. Introduction to irrigation agriculture based on East country patterns leads to the cultivation of a number of farmable crops, including cherries, apples, pomegranates, figs, dates, cane, bananas, cotton, hemp and silk. At the same time, Spain entered a bright trading phase due to the destruction of Byzantine fleet control over the northwestern region. Some cities such as seville and Cordova experience prosperity because of the abundance of agricultural production and international trade.

1. Intellectual Development
   In the period of more than seven centuries of Islamic power in Spain, Muslims have reached their glory there. Lots of contributions to Western cultural awakening. Western intellectual awakening and cultural awakening came after European scholars studied, explored and draw on so many Islamic sciences by translating Islamic science books into European languages. They diligently study the Arabic language to translate the books of Islamic science.

In the history of Andalusia, the city of Toledo was once the center of translation. Many European scholars came to Toledo to study and study Islamic science books. Islam in Spain has recorded a very brilliant piece of culture in the stretch of Islamic history. Science and Technology. [5]

The Spanish Society of Islam is a plural society composed of Arab communities (North and South), al-Muwalladun (Spanish converts), Barbarians (Muslims from North Africa), al-Shaqalibah Constantinople and Bulgaria who became German prisoners and sold to Islamic rulers for mercenaries), Jews, Mujareb Christians who were Arab cultures, and Christians who still opposed the presence of Islam. All these communities, with the exception of the latter, made an intellectual contribution to the formation of the Andalusian cultural environment that gave birth to scientific, literary, and physical development in Spain. [6] Besides the plurality of its people, the fertile country also encourages the country of Spain in bringing high economic income and in turn generates many thinkers. Below is a description of intellectual development in each of these areas:

a. Astronomy
In the field of astronomy, the scholar of Islam al-Khawarizmi contributes heavily to his works and has the greatest influence on the contribution of exact science among all the writers of the Middle Ages. He wrote the book al Jabr wa al-Muqabalah, which lists the oldest astronomy and al-Khwarizmi was the first to compile a book of arithmetic and algebra. [7]

But besides that, the most famous figure in astronomy is Ibrahim ibn Yahya al-Naqqash. It can determine the time of the solar eclipse and determine how long it lasts. He also managed to create modern binoculars that can determine the distance between the solar system and the star. [8]. There was also Al-majiriyah from Cordova, al-Zarqali of Toledo and Ibn Aflah of Seville, a very famous astrologer of the time. .