Source

 

Custom cancer vaccines safely fight and kill tumors in early human trials

It’s early and there are many hurdles, but data so far suggests safety, efficacy.

BETH MOLE - 7/7/2017, 2:06 AM 

 With swift shots to the arm, doctors safely and effectively prime our immune systems to fight off deadly infectious diseases. Now, with tightly crossed fingers, they plan to do the same for cancers. 

 In two early clinical trials involving 19 patients with skin cancer, personalized vaccines appeared safe and effective at spurring immune responses to attack and destroy tumors. The vaccines worked by coaching killer immune cells—T cells—to destroy tumors by seeking out uniquely mutated proteins on each patient's one-of-a-kind cancer cells, while leaving healthy cells unharmed. 

 The results of the two trials, both published this week in Nature, follow years of basic research and animal studies on this strategy. Researchers are optimistic, but there are big hurdles ahead of these small trials, including bigger trials with more patients and controls. If those go well, researchers will likely have to figure out how to streamline creating vaccines for individual patients, which is currently tedious and expensive. 

 “The two studies confirm the potential of this type of approach,” Cornelis Melief, a cancer immunologist at Leiden University Medical Centre in the Netherlands, wrote in an accompanying commentary. “Controlled, randomized phase II clinical trials with more participants are now needed to establish the efficacy of these vaccines in patients with any type of cancer.” 

 

The immune force

Researchers have worked for decades to get our immune systems to fight off pernicious cancers. Immune cells are naturally equipped to do it; they just need a little nudge. For instance, some current cancer immunotherapies work by simply disabling proteins that cancer cells use to hide from immune responses. The binding of these proteins, such as PD-1 and PD-L1, signals T cells to stand down, like using a Jedi mind-trick—these are not the cancer cells you’re looking for. By interfering with these proteins, the immunotherapies allow T cells to stay on task and attack cancer on their own 

Read full story at https://arstechnica.com