Microbiology -Bacteria

simplewole (38)in #science • 8 years ago

Bacteria (/bækˈtɪəriə/)

Source : google

common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. They are usually a few micrometres in length, bacteria have different kinds of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to exist on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria lives on soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. Most bacteria have not been characterised, and only about half of the bacterial phyla have species that can be grown in the laboratory. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, and it is a branch of microbiology as stated in the previous post.

There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in one gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in one millilitre of fresh water. There are approximately 5×10raised to power30 bacteria on Earth, forming a biomass which exceeds that of all plants and animals. Bacteria are important in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of dead bodies and bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. In March 2013, data reported by researchers in October 2012, was published. It was suggested that bacteria thrive in the Mariana Trench, which with a depth of up to 11 kilometres is the deepest known part of the oceans. Other researchers reported related studies that microbes live inside rocks up to 580 metres below the sea floor under 2.6 kilometres of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States. According to one of the researchers, "You can find microbes everywhere—they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are."

The famous saying that bacterial cells in the human body outnumber human cells by a factor of 10:1 has been debunked. There are approximately 39 trillion bacterial cells in the human microbiota as personified by a "reference" 70 kg male 170 cm tall, whereas there are 30 trillion human cells in the body. This means that although they do have the upper hand in actual numbers, it is only by 30%, and not 900%.

The largest number of bacteria exist in the gut flora, and a large number exist on the skin as normal flora. The vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immune system, though many are beneficial particularly in the gut flora. However, several species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases, these include cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy, and bubonic plague. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections, with tuberculosis alone killing about 2 million people per year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Antibiotics resistance is another problem that we face as human. In developed countries, antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and are also used in farming, making antibiotic resistance a growing problem. In industry, bacteria are important in sewage treatment and the breakdown of oil spills, the production of cheese and yogurt through fermentation, the recovery of gold, palladium, copper and other metals in the mining sector, as well as in biotechnology, and the manufacture of antibiotics and other chemicals.

Once regarded to as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes, bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and rarely have membrane-bound organelles. Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific classification changed after the discovery in the 1990s that prokaryotes consist of two very different groups of organisms that evolved from an ancient common ancestor. These evolutionary domains are called Bacteria and Archaea.

CLASSIFICATION
Domain:
Bacteria
Woese, Kandler & Wheelis, 1990.

Phyla
Acidobacteria
Actinobacteria
Aquificae
Armatimonadetes
Bacteroidetes
Caldiserica
Chlamydiae
Chlorobi
Chloroflexi
Chrysiogenetes
Cyanobacteria
Deferribacteres
Deinococcus-Thermus
Dictyoglomi
Elusimicrobia
Fibrobacteres
Firmicutes
Fusobacteria
Gemmatimonadetes
Lentisphaerae
Nitrospirae
Planctomycetes
Proteobacteria
Spirochaetes
Synergistetes
Tenericutes
Thermodesulfobacteria
Thermotogae
Verrucomicrobia