The crypt of secret

In 1587, Queen Mary of Scotland was captured and executed from the Tower of London on the orders of Queen Elizabeth I. Queen Mary was a Roman Catholic in the country of Protestantism. It is not, however, the main reason for his execution. He was actually a victim of a conspiracy to capture Singhasahan. Although this is a big reason, he could have ignored the death penalty. The real reason is that Queen Mary could not protect the privacy. Although Queen Mary always tried to adopt privacy. He used to communicate all his secret codes, but his sign messages were leaked to the enemy's side.

Making secret messages is quite easy. It's not too hard to even decipher the secret code. The most difficult is to keep secret secret confidentiality. It is seen in the history of secretarial history that early messages are quite common and it is very easy to adapt them to the current time. As the day progresses, the mysteries of concealment have also emerged, and concepts of concealing become even more complex than complex. The history of trying to keep the secret messages hidden is very ancient. The history of sending secret messages in sign language was found in history, even thousands of years before Queen Mary's time. The existence of concealment in Egypt has been discovered in two thousand BC. However, these messages written in the Hieroglyphics system were not used to hide the information, but these were part of religious coupling, and usually the death of a royal person would have been given to him. In the 7th century BC, the Greek poet Archilochus describes a type of symbolic message called scytale. Where the message was written as well as the tape on a fixed diameter stick. If the ribs were removed from the sticks, the letters would have been incompatible. For the decipher of the message, it would have been reinforced on a uniform diameter rod. The following image is a sample of the scholarly recovered from the city of Sparta.

Greek historian Polybyas invented a secret-message method 200 years before BC. He is writing a number from A to Z gradually in a 5X5 house-specific class room. Since 5X5 = 25 cells, but there are 26 letters in English, so the letters i and j are kept in the same room. The number of columns used in the column and row for the expression of any letter is used. As 22 is g, or 43 is needed to understand. This method had a great advantage not only by writing but also in the battlefield or in any other work, it would be possible to publish signals by arranging a group of people or by lighting a fire.

Another type of secret message was in ancient Greece, and it was called steganography. In this manner, the secret message is sent in such a way that no one other than the sender and the subscriber can catch the presence of that message. That is, no one can understand that no message has been sent. The advantage of this method is that no one except the sender and the subscriber can show interest in the message. Some of the messages that are used in ancient Greece are:

1. Written in woodwork and later covered with wax. Holding the piece of wood on fire, the original text will come out.

2. Writing head on the head. If the hair starts to grow and the text can not be understood. Read the text again and again.

Roman Emperor Julius Caesar introduced a kind of secretive approach. In this case, each letter was written forward in a certain number. Generally, every letter was written three rooms forward. As a result, instead of A, the message was created instead of D, B. The message to whom the message was reached was the same way behind the same number of posts were written. It is easy to read the message in such a way that it is very easy to decipher the message and it will be able to easily decipher the person who has some head. One way to find out the source of such messages is to find a familiar word from the original message and replace the original formula by replacing it with different letters of the word. Then, in the light of this formula, the main message is written. For example: the name of the sender at the end of Julius Caesar's message was seen. The name of the sender was written in Julius Caesar Mxolxv Fdhvcu. By replacing these letters with the letters of Julius Caesar, it can be easily understood that the message can be found only when you read the message forward.

Julius Caesar's secretive formula is expressed mathematically as follows:

Changed color = root + 3

In other words, if we give numbers ranging from A to Z, we give numbers 1 to 26, then the changed color can be found by adding 3 to the original number. It is true until W. Because the sum of X, Y and Z is added to 3, then the sum is 27, 28, 29, which is not in the alphabetical order. In this case the formula can be properly written as:

Modified letter = (original color + 3) mod 26. (That is, 26 times greater than 26 divided by 26. The recapture of mathematics is called modulo arithmetic).

Although the first time, the possibility of obtaining the formula was less, but the sources were extracted in many attempts. As soon as this type of formula began to be discovered, the need to write the message became increasingly intense by using a more difficult formula. One of the sources is that, the message was initially written with a specific gap, but if there was a specific letter, the number of threads would increase. It was seen in the beginning that instead of the letter that is being used at the end of the letter, it is not going to be there at the end but it has been changed several times in the middle.

Queen Mary's message was a bit more complicated. His message did not have such a particular formula, but he sporadically used a different color for a letter. And would inform the messenger that there would be a letter against it. For example: If e is replaced by t then instead of t, it may be c. C can be replaced instead of c. That is, there is no specific difference between the letters. Initially, there was a major error in the success of this method. That is, in this system, in a message, every word will always be replaced by a specific color, and this information is enough to break this kind of secret code! So let's see how it is possible.

Not every letter in the English alphabet is used in the same rate in English, which is less and more used. What is the use of so many, it can be found from this chart.

The above chart shows the most used in English writing, then t, then a, o .... Etc. Therefore, if a text is written with a transcript, then it is possible to capture the most used letter e, then it is t and read the original message. However, this method will not always work correctly. Especially in small messages, there is less chance of getting a letter in this section. The longer the message is long, the use of letters will be more likely to match this chart. It may be a message that might be a bit higher than t, or more than m will be used. In that case, the message code can be broken in 'trial and error' mode. For example: If you do not use more than A, even then its use will be around A and not succeeding with several attempts, but at one time it will certainly be successful. Using this method, the secret of the Queen Mary could always be the enemy.

With the need of time and the various techniques to adapt the message, the message writers were inventing new techniques. During the Second World War, the necessity of writing messages by adopting special innovative techniques became inevitable.

Some of the methods of World War II are:

1. Written with invisible ink that is visible in heat or otherwise.

2. Writing in an invisible ink at the end of a normal writing.

3. Morse code made of cloth knitting made. Wear clothes and clothes by dressing in that cloth.

4. When an American spike caught in Vietnam during the war came out to the television, he published an eye-opener, "tortured" by Morse Code.

5. Enigma machine.

Not to mention the anagram machine separately. It is a battery powered machine. This machine has a keyboard. There is a key for each letter. And each key has a small electric bulb. When a key is pressed, another key is lit. That is, when the main color is pressed, the secret key will be lit. But no one will know whether a key will be lit, and the same letter will never be used for the same color. That is, with the formation of each letter, the formula of writing would have changed, which would not have been possible to interpret this text by applying single formula. The tools with the gear and disc installed inside this machine would change the formula according to a specific pattern, with each key pressed. This tool was known as a rotor. In order to create complexity, more complex types of connections were made on this machine, which made it almost impossible to decipher this machine. Nazi forces announced the message 'safe' message sent through the machine. But there was a big error in this machine that the code was not available for the same color. Although the Nazis did not consider this as a vulnerability to vulnerability, but secretarial experts from Allied forces were able to create a secretive textured code encoded through the Anigma machine, which could decipher the messaging of the machine only in less than 20 minutes.

Now let's see how to write secret two more times:

Matrix replacement:

The Guptas can be made more obscure if each letter is replaced by a pair instead of replacing it separately. See the table below:

If a pair is made with two letters from this table then the replacement of the pair is available from the table. In a message, the AB character will be replaced by AB, then T will be replaced by TY (the first A and the second letter B is the sign of TY). After that, the AC character is actually going to replace them with the LF. The reader will notice that there are two in the beginning of the pair, but because the pair's second letter is different, its signature symbol is completely changed. As a result, messages in this system can be more reliable than previously used in many ways. For example, if I want to make the word BEAD sign, then it should be divided into two pairs, BE and AD.

Now from the table, the replacement of the BE pair is being replaced by HD and AD pair. Then the replacement of the BEAD will be HDNR.

It is really difficult to retrieve the hidden message written in this method, if the original table is not in the hand.

Transpository message:

This method was widely used to send secret messages during American Civil War. While writing this method, the whole message is broken down into several parts. Then the order of different colors can be changed by arranging each part in different decorations. For example: WE ARE OUT OF AMMO This message is broken down into four parts:

W E A R

E o U T

O F A M

M O

Now a new layout can be made from the colors from the columns: WEOMEOFOAUARTM

The dimension of the rectangle is indicated by the indication at the beginning of the message. For example, starting with "Dear Aunt" can mean that it is a 4 x 4 dimension rectangle.

Modern signals:

There was some defect in each of the above the secretive way discussed, and 'secret hunters' would have been able to decipher them from day to day. None of the time in modern times is used to write signals. Rather, modern signals are overly insignificant, which are incomprehensible to millions more than any other method described earlier. In recent times, because of the complexity of the secretive writing process, computers are often used to write messages, and computers are used to interpret those messages, but without knowing the sources, it is almost impossible to retrieve that message.

For many years, mathematicians have been working on "number theory". This topic was quite a theoretical topic until recently. That is, there was no practical application of number theory for a long time. But in 1976 some "number theorists" Deffie, Hellman and Merkle announced that they discovered a trapdoor function that would change the history of secretarialism. (You must know about Trapdomor, which is usually located on the floor or sealing with a secret door). These functions are also called one-way functions. In most of the common functions, a reverse function can be determined, but the opposite function of such functions can not be easily evaluated. That is, it is easy to move forward in such a way, but from the opposite direction it is difficult to move forward.

To understand the whole thing, let's describe slowly from the first. As if you are asked two questions like:

1. What is the product of 17 and 29?

2. Which two numbers are 851?

The answer to the first question is very easy, even the calculator should not be helped. The answer is 493. But to answer the second question 'life will go out'! The answer to this question is to 'Trial and error' method. That is to say, one number will be tried after one by one, until the error is gone. The answer to the second question is 23 X 37 and it has only one answer, because its productive numbers are prime numbers and for determining this answer, you have to divide 851 with a number of up to 23 numbers, until the division is rounded off. Being a productive prime, you can not apply the simple method of analyzing the production.

Now if this second question is made by a large number, then it will take years to find out the answer even through the computer. And mathematicians have used the complexity of two prime producers as a source of concealment. Let's go to the main context.

To write a sign message in this method, 'Guptabartiban' first selects two major prime (eg: 100 digits). These two numbers are multiplied by a larger number (which is close to 200 degrees). At the end, the secret agent picked the third and final number, which is also roughly 100-digit.

The original message is converted to the first number. For example: we want to express the message 'SEND MORE MONEY' with numeric symbols. First, assuming that A = 01, B = 02, C = 03 going on this way, Z = 26, the numeric value of "SEND MORE MONEY" would be '19051404131518051315140525' and the complexity is starting from here. The numerical value for different colors is expressed as the power of the third prime number, and this number is expressed as a modulus of a 200-digit prime product. Before modulo form was discussed very lightly, here again explain. The modulo form of a number is the share that is shared by a specific number. For example: 28MOD26 = 2

54MOD26 = 2

56MOD26 = 4

26MOD26 = 0

That is, a number of modules 26 is the number of shares that can be shared by 26 divided by a number.

Thus, the numerical form of a 200 numerical number is found in the form of a letter encoding. Now, to get the code written, the two 200-digit prime product's product must be known. And if any number is the product of two prime, then how difficult is it to figure out the numbers from the product is shown at the beginning. If using the most powerful computer in the current world, even if the prime product number of 200 numbers is to be found, it will take millions of years!