Radio-active Transformation Series

There are four main series of radio-active elements.
(1) Uranium Series
(2) Actinium Series
(3) Thorium Series and
(4) Neptunium Series.

In the first three series, the parent radio-active element of large atomic weight and very long half-life period gives rise to a series of radio-active elements. In the fourth series the parent element is plutonium with atomic number 94 and mass number 241, but the series is known as Neptunium series because Neptunium has the longest half-life period equal to 2.2x10^6 years. When an α -particle is emitted by the atom of a radio-active element; the new atom remaining behind will have a mass number A-4 and an atomic number Z-2. When a β-particle is emitted by the atom of a radio-active element, the new atom remaining behind will have a. mass number A and atomic number Z +1. This rule is followed in the radio-active series.

(1) Uranium Series.
In this case the parent element is uranium with mass number A=238 and Z=92. It is also known as Uranium I or U I. Uranium I emits α-particles and the product formed is Uranium X1 with Z = 92-2 = 90 and A = 238-4 = 234. Uranium X1 emits β-particles and the product formed is Uranium X, with A =2 234 and Z = 90+1= 91. Uranium X2 emits β-particle and the product formed is Uranium II with A=234 and Z = 91+1 = 92.

Uranium II is an isotope of Uranium I. The complete details of the whole series are given in the following table.

(2) Actinium Series.
The parent element of this series -is Actinouranium with Z = 92 and A =235. The series ends with Actinium D i.e., stable lead of atomic weight 207. The series is given below.

(3) Thorium Series.
The parent elements of this series is. Thorium with Z =90 and A = 232 The series ends with Thorium D i..e ., stable lead of atomic weight 208. This series is given below:

(4) Neptunium Series.
The parent element in this series is plutonium with Z = 94 and A = 251. The series is known as Neptunium series because the nuclide in it, with the longest half-life period is Neptunium With A = 237. Before the discovery of the transuranic element, neptunium, there were only three series as discussed already. The uranium series with uranium as parent element has a mass number = 4n+2 where n =59. The Actinium series. with the parent element Actinouranium of mass number 235 becomes 4n+3) series where n =58. Similarly Thorium series with the parent element Thorium of mass number 232 is known as 4n series where n = 58.
It was considered that in these series, 4n, (4n+2), and (4n+3) there must be a fourth series (4n+1). This is the Neptumum series.
This series ends with Bismuth [A = 209]. This series is given below :

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