Do u believe Mandela effect? 你相信曼德拉效應嗎?

For the past couple of months a phenomenon known as the Mandela Effect has taken the internet by storm. To put it briefly, the Mandela Effect refers to a conflict between the past and people's memory of the past. The term was coined by self described paranormal consultant Fiona Broome in late 2009 and refers to a widespread misconception that former South African President Nelson Mandela died in the 1980s while he was incarcerated.

解析曼德拉效應，最近這幾個月，有一個名為「曼德拉效應」的現象，在網路上掀起了一陣風暴——曼德拉現象，簡單來說指的是過去與人們對過去記憶間的衝突。這個術語是超自然研究顧問菲歐娜‧布魯姆於2009年所創，指的是前南非總統納爾遜‧曼德拉，在1980年代死於牢中的普遍誤解。

In reality Mandela was liberated in 1990, very much alive, and eventually passed away in 2013. Many thousands now firmly insist on remembering Mandela's death in prison complete with news coverage of his funeral and a heartfelt speech by his widow. The term has since expanded to include many hundreds of similar collective fallacies and theories as to their nature and cause are quite imaginative. Fiona Broome and many others are of the belief that these misconceptions are the result of "alternate realities". In other words, they are memories from parallel universes in which history transpired exactly as you remember it but at some point between then and now you allegedly drifted into a parallel universe with an alternate history and thus some of your memories misaligns with the reality you currently inhabit. Naturally, many dismiss the Mandela Effect as mere misremembrance and point towards the mountains of research on the unreliability and limits of human memory.

實際上曼德拉在1990年被釋放，所以這時他依然活著，最終在2013年去世 ，但卻有數萬人堅決的表示自己記得曼德拉死在牢中，並且在新聞中看過他的葬禮和其遺孀的演講，這個術語後來擴大到包含了數百個類似的集體謬誤，而對於他們的性質和起因的理論是相當有想像力的菲歐娜‧布魯姆等人認為，這一誤解是由「交替現實」所致。換句話說，這些記憶是屬於一個歷史與你記憶完全一樣的平行宇宙，而你在某個時間點來到了存在另一歷史的平行宇宙。因此你的某些記憶會和現實不相符。當然，也有人認為曼德拉效應僅僅只是一種記憶錯亂的現象，並以大量的研究指出人類的記憶有多麼的不可靠和侷限性。

For example, the misinformation effect is when a preexisting memory is retroactively replaced or corrupted by misinformation. Inaccurate eye witness accounts are prime examples of this. In short, opponents of the Mandela Effect posits that the human brain is capable of falsifying memories so convincingly that you may come to believe them to be true while proponents argue that the memories are true and that it is reality itself that has been altered. Their main argument is that false memories alone cannot account for the sheer number of unrelated people misaccounting the same event or fact. How is it that thousands of individuals who's never met, spoken, or even known of each others existence came to develop the exact same anomalous memory? In the 1979 James Bond film Moonraker there's a short sequence in which the villain named Jaws and his love interest Dolly have a heartfelt moment. The character Jaws is known as such as his teeth are made out of metal and as they both smile upon one another, many viewers recall how Dolly wore braces as if to complement his metal teeth. In reality Dolly is totally braceless throughout the film. Proponents claim this is a clear example of how history has been altered, either through paranormal means or by retroactive tampering of the movie. Many have since tracked down various articles, comments, videos, etc. that do in fact describe Dolly as having braces which they claim to be residue from this alternate reality that they remember. For example, a Finish commercial from 2006 is alluding to this scene and the actress portraying Dolly is indeed wearing braces.

例如，錯誤訊息效應即是先前存在的記憶，在回憶時被錯誤訊息所替換或損壞，不準確的目擊證人證詞即是一個典型的例子。簡而言之，曼德拉效應的反對者假設只要影響人類的大腦能夠偽造記憶，所以你可能會覺得那些認為記憶才是真的。現實遭到改寫的理論支持者似乎煞有其事，很有說服力，他們主要的論點是，單純的錯誤記憶無法解釋為數眾多、彼此不相干的人們同時誤會同一個事件或事實，數以千計的人們從未見過面，甚至不知道彼此的存在，又是如何發展出完全相同的錯誤記憶的呢？
(消失的牙套)
1979年的詹姆士‧龐德電影《太空城》中有一個短暫的片段是反派Jaws和他愛人Dolly的放閃時刻，Jaws這個人物，牙齒是由金屬製成的，這時他們彼此微笑相望。許多觀眾回想起這一幕時，都記得Dolly戴著牙套，似乎是在呼應Jaws的金屬牙齒，但實際上Dolly在整部電影中都沒有戴牙套，支持理論者聲稱這是一個明顯的例子，歷史曾遭到改變。無論是通過超自然手段還是竄改電影來達成的，許多人從那時起便開始翻找著各種文章、評論、影片，當中確實有對Dolly戴著牙套的描述，他們認為這些正是那個他們記憶中被交替現實的殘餘。例如，2006年在芬蘭播出的廣告暗示了這一幕，當中飾演Dolly的女演員確實戴著牙套。

Another example is a website from 2004 that describes Dolly as: "A short blond girl with pigtails, glasses, and braces." On the other hand, this could merely be examples of the misconception's extensiveness. After all, this delusion has likely been around for decades and the author of a Usenet post from 1999 expressed the exact same confusion. I did some digging of my own and it didn't take long until I found this. It's a review of Moonraker, published on the day of the film's theatrical release in the US and in reference to Jaws' and Dolly's relationship, the author writes: "It would be a relationship made in heaven if only she wore braces." So on the day of the movie's release someone already thought braces would have been idiosyncratic of this character. Is it not more likely that because it would have been fitting for her to wear braces many came to believe and, by extension, misremember that she actually did.

另一個例子則是2004年的一個網站，它對Dolly描述是「帶著眼鏡、牙套，綁著辮子的淡金髮女孩」。另一方面，這可能也是大規模誤解的一種例子，畢竟這個錯覺可能已經存在數十年了。一篇於1999年發表的Usenet文章也發表了同樣的困惑，我自己也挖了一下資料，沒花我很多時間就找到了這個，這是一則《太空城》的評論發表於該電影在美國劇院上映當天，當中提到了Jaws和Dolly的關係，他寫道：「如果她有戴牙套的話，那就太完美了」。所以在電影發行的當天就有人認為牙套，本應是這個角色的特質之一，這狀況是不是更像是因為她很適合戴牙套導致越來越多人相信，最終曲解、誤以為這就是事實。

One of the most frequent examples of the Mandela Effect is the The Berenstain Bears. It's a children's book- and animated TV series popular in the US and features a family of anthropomorphic bears. However, many remember the name as Berenstein and not Berenstain. I also find it to be the most simple to explein. First of all; I actually had to rerecord this segment multiple times as I found myself pronouncing it Berenstein even when I should be saying Berenstain and I've never even heard of the franchise before making this video. Secondly; in their autobiography, one of the creators of The Berenstain Bears mention how an elementary teacher did not believe Berenstain was a real surname and instead called him Bernstein. Thirdly; the son of the creators has said that barely anyone pronounced it correctly when he was growing up and that he was most frequently called Berensteen or Bernstein. Fourthly; the cartoons use an ambiguous pronunciation at best. Fifthly; surnames with the suffix -stein are far more common than -stain. Mirror mirror on the wall is a quote commonly associated with the 1937 animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Except, that is not the correct quote. This would be strange if it wasn't for the fact that this is an adaptation and the original source material reads: "Mirror mirror on the wall." Nearly everyone seems to have favored the original version so naturally that is what most will adapt and remember. Even official Disney material has opted to use the original version. Perhaps for the sake of familiarity and preference or, you know, alternate realities. Besides magic mirror was in turn taken from another cartoon.

曼德拉效應中最常被提出的例子便是「貝貝熊」，這是一個美國熱門的兒童書籍和電視卡通的系列作，主打的是擬人熊的家庭生活Berenstein(x) Berenstain(o)，然而在很多人的記憶中它叫做貝倫斯汀而非貝倫斯坦。我同時發現了一個很簡單的方法來解釋這件是，首先，我不得不重錄這段好幾次，因為我發現自己經常念成「貝倫斯汀」，那怕我其實打算要念「貝倫斯坦」，而我在做這部影片之前甚至沒聽過它的系列影片，其次，在他們的自傳中，貝貝熊的創作者之一提到，一位小學老師不相信貝倫斯坦是一個真正的姓氏，而是稱他為柏恩斯丁，第三，該創作者的兒子表示，他的成長過程中幾乎沒有人能正確地念對他的姓氏，他最常被稱做「貝恩斯汀」或「伯恩斯汀」，第四，卡通版把含糊發音發揮得極致
第五，後綴為「斯汀」的姓氏比起「斯坦」要來得常見。
「魔鏡啊魔鏡！(Mirror mirror on the wall)」經常被當作是1937年動畫電影《白雪公主與七矮人》的經典台詞，然而，這個台詞在劇中並不是這樣念的"牆上的魔鏡啊！"(Magic mirror on the wall.)"誰是世上最美麗的女人啊？"奇怪的是，這並不是一個腦內自動適應的事實，這個故事的原始內文就是這樣念的「魔鏡，牆上的魔鏡啊！」(Mirror mirror on the wall)
幾乎每個人都喜歡這個原著台詞，所以大多數人都會自己改編並記住這個版本"魔鏡啊魔鏡！"甚至連迪士尼官方的讀本也選擇使用原版台詞， 這或許是為了更加貼近讀者的偏好，或是你懂的...現實的置換，另外「Magic Mirror」實際上取自另一個卡通的"魔鏡魔鏡在我手，誰是最美的女人？"

Many are surprised to learn that C-3PO from Star Wars has one of his legs painted silver. Exactly how much of his leg is painted silver depends on the movie. Knee and lower leg. Shin. Knee and shin. Naked. Metallic. And all gold. The thing is, his silver leg is never really in focus. It's often just off-screen, in the background, too far away, or seen for a split second. When it is in view the color variance is often barely noticeable. I skimmed through the movies and in the vast majority of scenes featuring C-3PO he truly is all gold as the silver leg can't be seen. When asked about the silver leg the actor had this to say: ANTHONY DANIELS: He always had silver. ANTHONY DANIELS: And even the stills photographer John Jay came up to me one day and said: ANTHONY DANIELS: "Why are you wearing a silver leg today?" ANTHONY DANIELS: Now, he was the stills photographer. ANTHONY DANIELS: Clickety Clack ANTHONY DANIELS: All the time and he hadn't noticed so... So if a photographer literally taking photos of the C-3PO suit can miss it I find it difficult to argue that audiences can not. Especially when you factor in the supreme quality of VHS tapes. And this confusion is likely as old as the movies themselves. Here's a Usenet post from 1993 wherein the author tiredly explains that, yes, one of C-3PO's legs is indeed silver. Indicating that it is frequently overlooked. Then again, I honestly don't remember a silver leg and it does seem a out of place. I guess I'm just dumb enough to place empirical evidence above the fallibility of my own memory. A lot of people remember the logo of the company Ford as looking like this.

(C-3PO的腿)
有許多人驚訝的發現，星際大戰中的C-3PO，有一隻腳被塗成了銀色，他的腿被銀色的面積是取決於他出演的電影，膝蓋和小腿，腿脛，膝蓋和腿脛，裸奔，金屬質感，以及全金色，問題是，他的銀腿從來都不會被特地聚焦，它通常會在銀幕外、融入背景中、太遙遠或是只出現一下子，當它進到畫面中時，顏色差異通常都很不明顯。我瀏覽了一次這個系列，在絕大多數的場景中的C-3PO，確實都是全金色的，因為根本看不到銀色的腿，當被問到銀腿的問題時，飾演它的演員這麼說：安東尼‧丹尼斯: "它一直都有銀色的腿"，"甚至連劇照攝影師...約翰‧喬伊，有一天也對我說"，"你今天幹嘛要穿銀腿？"，"他可是劇照攝影師啊！"，"喀擦、喀擦"，"都共事那麼久了，連他都沒注意到..."。所以連一個就是在C-3PO的攝影師都能忘了那條腿。我覺得要觀眾去記得那條腿確實挺難的，特別是我們還得考慮到搭載於錄影帶的超高畫質，而這種混亂可能和電影本身一樣古老。這篇發於1993年的Usenet帖子，作者厭倦著解釋著，沒錯，C-3PO確實有一條腿是銀色的。這顯示了它確實經常被忽視，再次強調，我自己真的不記得有這麼一條銀腿了，它看起來挺格格不入的
我想我只是蠢到以經驗證據影響自己的記憶導致出錯了。

In reality, it looks like this. Proponents of the Mandela Effect claim the loop on the F did not exist in the previous reality. To support this claim we have spooky photographs like this one. It was taken around 1918 and the logo on the far left is mysteriously loopless while the logo near the center ain't afraid to show them curves. But again, isn't this merely evidence of how common this misconception truly is? The painter of this billboard may have possessed the exact same false memory and thus mispainted the logo. This confusion may stem from the fact that Henry Ford's signature does not contain a loop. The mascot of the popular board game Monopoly is named Mr. Monopoly and he looks like this. Except he does not wear a monocle and never has. A traumatizing realization, no doubt. But I feel like I've seen this outfit before. I mean, tuxedo, monocle, and top hat is undeniably an original attire but I can't escape the feeling that once upon a time, people actually dressed like this only for an endless series of fictional characters to celebrate and reference this time period. But that's probably just a memory from an alternate reality. This movie does not exist, yet many claim to have seen this nonexistent movie. It is supposedly titled Shazaam, stars stand-up comedian Sinbad who plays a genie, and it was released in the 1990s. But no trace of this movie has been uncovered and Sinbad himself has repeatedly stated he never played a genie in a movie. He did however host a movie marathon on the TV channel TNT in 1994, in which he dressed up as a pirate that could be easily confused for that of a genie. Another potential source of this misconception is the 1996 movie Kazaam starring Shaquille O'Neal as a genie. In 1997 both O'Neal and Sinbad starred in the movie Good Burger which could have aided in this a potential mix-up. Furthermore, the VHS tape for Kazaam features a preview of the Sinbad movie First Kid much like the VHS tape for First Kid features a preview of Kazaam. So there where plenty of opportunities to conflate the two. Though many still claim to remember both Kazaam and Shazaam as being separate movies. Then there's the fact that Sinbad has starred in a bunch of movies and TV shows in which he wears clothes that could be confused for that of a genie. Between 1993-1994 He had a short-lived series called The Sinbad Show where he dressed in a range of genie-esque outfits and in 1996 he guest-starred on a show called All That looking like this. Then there's the animated show Shazzan that's also about a magical genie. Not to mention that the name Sinbad is strongly associated with genies thanks to the story of Sinbad the Sailor and its numerous adaptations. Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, people have misread the title of the movie Kazaam as Shazaam from the moment of its release.

(福特的蜷曲商標)
許多人都記得福特的標誌是長這樣的，但實際上，它其實長這樣曼德拉效應的支持者聲稱F上的蜷曲，在過去的現實中並不存在，為了佐證這種說法，它們拿出了這張奇怪的照片。這張約在1918年拍攝的照片，最左邊的標誌便是神秘的無蜷曲標誌，而近中間標誌則豪不吝於的展示它的蜷曲。但再說一次，這僅僅只是顯示了這一誤解的普遍性罷了。這個廣告牌的畫師可能因為擁有相同的虛假記憶，從而畫出了錯誤的標誌，這混亂可能源於亨利福特本人簽名，並不包含那一圈的這一事實， (地產大亨(大富翁)的眼鏡)，熱門桌遊地產大亨的吉祥物叫做Mr.Monopoly，它看起來就像這樣，不過它從來就沒戴過單眼眼鏡。毫無疑問的，又是一次多麼痛的領悟，但我總覺得以前曾經見過這樣的外型，我的意思是，燕尾服、單眼眼鏡和大禮帽，毫無疑問的是一整套的原裝，但我不禁去想，過去只會是在各種作品中的虛構人物要去慶祝時或是為了參照當時的設定，但那大概又是另一個交錯現實的記憶。
(消失的Sinbad電影)
這部電影...並不存在，但有許多人表示自己曾經看過這部不存在的電影，據傳它的名稱叫做Shazaam，由諧星Sinbad飾演精靈，並於1990年發行，但沒有人找到過這部影片，Sinbad本人也反覆說自己從來沒有在電影中飾演過精靈，然而他在1994年的電視頻道TNT中主持了一檔電影馬拉松，當時他扮演成一個海盜，其外型很容易和精靈搞混，另一個可能的誤解是出自1996年的電影Kazaam由俠客歐尼爾飾演精靈。1997年，歐尼爾和Sinbad同時出演電影Good Burger，這可能使得有人把他們兩人給搞混了。此外，Kazaam的錄影帶中包含了Sinbad主演電影First Kid的預覽片段，就如First Kid的錄影帶中包含了Kazaam的預覽片段，這使得有人把他們搞混的機會又更高了些，雖然很多人仍然表示他們知道Kazaam和Shazaam是不同的電影。然後有一事實是，Sinbad出演了一大堆電影和電視節目，其中很有可能就有出演精靈的狀況1993年至1994年間，他曾經有一個短命的系列叫做Sinbad Show，當時他穿著了一系列的精靈套裝，並在1996年，他客串節目All That，並以這樣的行頭登場，還有一個動畫叫做Shazzan ，也是在敘述一個神奇的精靈，更別提Sinbad這個名字本身就和精靈有很強的關聯性，得益於航海家辛巴達以及其眾多的改編故事。最後，也可能是最重要的，打從一開始電影上映就已經有人把Kazaam誤閱成Shazaam。

The fact that groups of people develop the same or similar false memories really shouldn't be cause for confusion. We live in a highly interconnected world where two wholly unrelated individuals may have the exact same experience even though they lack any knowledge of one another. And unless you presume human memory to be infallible, some of these experiences will inevitably result in the development of false memories. From this we can conclude that groups of people will occasionally develop the same or similar false memories as they share the same or similar experiences. And it doesn't necessarily have to be one singular event. A memory could become corrupted over the course of many months, years, or decades. Which makes it all the more difficult to pinpoint exactly how, when, and by what your memory was influenced. Take the namesake of this phenomenon, the death of Nelson Mandela, as an example. Throughout the 1980s news of Mandela's situation in prison and his worsening health headlined newspapers across the globe. He suffered from tuberculosis and he himself feared he would die in prison like so many others before him. One American newspaper wrote: "Some have raised the possibility that he might die in jail." "It is not clear how ill Mandela is at this point, but the idea that he could die is not farfetched." The funerals of many other South Africans fighting for the same cause as Mandela was frequently broadcasted across the globe. A movement known as Free Mandela grew in popularity and held various demonstrations that received international news coverage. His wife, Winnie Mandela, often appeared on the news as well. Meanwhile, commemoration pieces like these where published and could easily be misconstrued for his death. Various conferences and events could also be misperceived. But then there's a South African book from 1991 containing this enigmatic passage: "The chaos that erupted in the ranks of the ANC when Nelson Mandela died on the 23rd of July, 1991, brought the January 29th, 1991, Inkatha-ANC peace accord to nothing." So, is this undeniable proof of a parallel universe? Not really. The book is merely a collection of poetry and fictional stories written by high-school students as part of various assignments. Not exactly an historical account. Then again, if we're shifting between alternate realities anything's possible, right? I think a paper titled False Memories and Confabulation put it very succinctly. "The feeling of remembering is important to our well-being, but so is the feeling of not remembering that accompanies vague, inconsistent, or implausible recollections." "Accurate memory is knowing when we do not remember as well as knowing when we do."

(結論)
事實上，一群人發展出相同或相似的虛假回憶，應不是造成混亂的真正原因，我們生活在一個高度互相關聯的世界中
兩個完全不相干人可能具有完全相同的經驗，即便他們彼此並不瞭解對方，而除非你假定人類的記憶是絕對的，否則其中一些經驗將不可避免地導致發展出虛假的回憶，從這點我們可以得出結論，一群人之間偶爾會發展出相同或相似的虛假記憶，因為他們有共同或相似的經歷，而它不一定是一個單一事件，一段記憶可能會在數月、數年或數十年間遭到侵蝕 。這使得你更加難以確定自己的記憶是在何時受到影響的，拿為這現象命名的「曼德拉死亡事件」來說，整個1980年代，曼德拉的服刑情況和日益惡化的健康狀況，在全球的新聞報紙中放送著他患有結核病，他擔心自己會像過去那些人一樣死於監獄，一個美國的報紙寫道，「有人提出了他可能會死在監獄的可能性」，「目前曼德拉的健康狀況尚未明朗，但他的死亡並非難以想像」，許多和曼德拉同為反種族隔離而戰的南非人葬禮，經常在全世界轉播「解放曼德拉」的運動也越來越受到關注，他們舉行的各種示威遊行都被國際新聞報導了出來，他的妻子溫妮‧曼德拉也經常出現在新聞中。同時，像這樣的紀念專欄就更容易被誤解成，他已經死亡了，各種會議和活動也可能被誤報，但在一本於1991年出版的南非書籍中，當中留下了一段神祕的段落，「1991年7月23日，納爾遜‧曼德拉的去世，使得非國大隊伍爆發激烈衝突」，「使得1991年1月29日所簽訂的，因卡塔-非國大和平協議形同虛設」，所以這就是證明平行宇宙的鐵證嗎？
錯了，這本書不過只是高中生作為一份作業所寫的詩集和虛構故事的合輯，完全不是什麼歷史紀錄。再次強調，如果我們在交替的現實中轉移那一切皆有可能，對吧？我認為一篇名為《虛假記憶與錯構》的論文非常精闢，「記得的感覺對我們的健全生活很重要」，「但伴隨著模糊所產生的不一致或不可信回憶，這些不記得的感覺也是」，「準確的記憶則是知道何時我們不記得，以及知道何時我們記得」

The movie is coming from LEMMiNO,中文字幕取自“楓葉綠茶“