Most common reading problems in children

Reading is the process by which a decoding, meaning and understanding of certain information reflected in a medium and that is transmitted through some code, usually the language, occurs. Sometimes, this process of reading and writing does not develop as it should, which could be due to different causes, such as environmental factors, inadequate teaching methodology and speech or language problems, among others.

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Problems during learning to read

• Reader delay: can be defined as a lag in development in the acquisition of reading and writing that usually appears in children between 6 and 8 years without presenting any kind of pathology. It manifests as a delay in the acquisition of skills and aptitudes necessary to read and write.
• Dyslexia: it involves difficulties when it comes to learning to read by conventional methods of instruction, even though the child has a normal level of intelligence and adequate socio-cultural conditions.
• Disortography: is the set of writing errors that affect the word and not its layout or graph.
• Dysgraphia: is a disorder of functional type that affects writing in relation to the layout or the spelling.

In order to diagnose these aspects, we must attend to a series of factors: absence of vision and hearing problems, absence of physical problems that may affect reading, absence of emotional or neurological disorders and normal intellectual quotient. To consider that there may be an affectation in this aspect we must find: deterioration in reading and performance in this aspect significantly lower than expected in relation to their personal and school characteristics.

"Reading makes man complete, the conversation makes him agile, writing makes it precise." Francis Bacon, writer and philosopher.

There are few children who like reading, but if we apply these methods they help the child acquire better, pronunciation of the words, distinguish the concepts and phrases.

• Logogrífica: the child in this period the child is able to recognize known writings globally, ie, logos. Example: Can recognize the logo of certain brands.
• Alphabetic: during this stage the child begins to understand the alphabetic principle and to associate the grapheme with the corresponding phoneme. This stage is known as the phonological coding stage, in which the child reads by phonemes or syllables.
• Orthographic: in this phase, the child is able to recognize orthographic patterns necessary to get to acquire a fluent reading. The child begins to recognize groups of letters and words with just a glance.
• Fluid-expressive: at this time, the child is able to read a text, taking into account the punctuation, expression and context.

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The following tasks are aimed at children being able to manipulate the structures by modifying them, substituting them, omitting them, etc. All the proposals are of oral modality and they will also be useful visual or manipulable resources that you want to use.

• Word lists: let's say all the words that occur to us that start with the syllable Pa, such as: duck. This activity can be considered from very different formats, such as the well-known De la Habana, a ship loaded with .... This phrase is used to introduce elements that begin with the syllable or sound that the adult chooses.

• Human calculator: count how many syllables a word has or what number of words make up a single sentence.

• Thief of syllables: now it is the child who must eliminate the syllable that we ask. Example: how would the word window sound if we remove the second syllable?

• Spelling: we ask the child to guess which word corresponds to the phonemes we are naming. For example: / s /, / a /, / p /, / or /.

These tasks are fun for our kids and even more so when they are presented as real games. Therefore, we encourage you to put attractive titles and show a dynamic attitude that invites you to participate. In the same way, do not forget that positive reinforcement will be fundamental for children to be encouraged and want to continue working, because a word of love or encouragement will be the best reward.

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