SOME DEADLY DISEASES,CAUSES AND THEIR SYMTOMS
Since the beginning of human existence on the planet, diseases have played a significant role in the events of every era.Malaria is one of the oldest known diseases, caused drastic declines in the population of Greek city-states in the fourth century.The Spanish flu epidemic of 1918–1919 killed 20 million people around the world — more than twice the number of people who were killed during World War I.Here are some diseases namely...
1•CHOLERA
Cholera is caused by a bacterial infection of the intestine.These symptoms quickly cause dehydration and shock, and can result in death within hours if the infected person doesn’t receive treatment.
Cholera is typically transmitted by contaminated food or water. In areas with poor treatment of sewage and drinking water, the feces of people with cholera can enter the water supply and spread quickly, resulting in an epidemic. The cholera bacterium may also live in the environment in some coastal waters, so shellfish eaten raw can be a source of cholera in affected areas.
2• DIPHTHERIA
Diphtheria is a serious bacterial disease that affects the respiratory system or the skin.
Respiratory diphtheria causes a sore throat and fever, and sometimes swelling of the neck. In severe cases it can cause a membrane to form over the throat, which results in breathing problems. Cutaneous diphtheria affects the skin, causing infected lesions to form. Diphtheria can lead to coma and death if it goes untreated.
An infected person usually spreads the disease by coughing or sneezing. The person expels droplets containing the diphtheria bacteria, which are then inhaled by another person. The disease is treated by hospitalization and antibiotics.
3•MALARIA
Malaria is caused by a parasite transmitted by infected mosquitoes. Symptoms occur ten days to four weeks after being bitten and are similar to symptoms brought on by the flu — chills, fever, sweating, headache, and muscle pain. In serious cases, malaria may cause vomiting, anemia (iron deficiency), kidney failure, coma, and death.
The parasite that most often causes malaria needs warm temperatures to grow and thrive, so the disease is typically found in tropical and subtropical countries.
4• MEASLES
Measles is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus. Early symptoms include fever, cough, red eyes, and a runny nose. During the first few days, the characteristic measles rash appears, beginning with white spots in the mouth and spreading to a red rash that covers the entire body. The rash typically lasts four to seven days. Severe cases of measles can cause diarrhea, ear infection, pneumonia, encephalitis (swelling of the brain), and death.
The measles virus is easily spread through airborne droplets expelled by coughing or sneezing, and can live in the air for up to two hours after an infected person has been present. After exposure, the virus lives in the body for about two weeks before symptoms appear.
5• MUMPS
Mumps is a contagious viral disease that causes painful swelling of the salivary glands. As a result, people infected with mumps sometimes appear to have “chipmunk cheeks.” Other symptoms include fever, headache, sore muscles, and fatigue. Serious complications are rare, and may include encephalitis (swelling of the brain), inflammation of the sex organs, and deafness.
The mumps virus is transmitted by contact with the respiratory secretions of an infected person. Like measles, mumps has a relatively long incubation period, with symptoms appearing more than two weeks after exposure. There are no specific treatments available for mumps, but the disease can be prevented by immunization.
6• INFLUENZA
Influenza, more commonly known as “the flu,” is caused by a contagious virus. Symptoms include body aches, sore throat, headache, fever, coughing, and chills. Perhaps because influenza is so common, misconceptions about the disease abound. Often, people who experience a bad cold say they have the flu, but this is incorrect: Unlike influenza, colds rarely cause headaches or fever. And despite widespread use of the term “stomach flu,” true influenza does not cause gastrointestinal symptoms.
The flu is spread through airborne respiratory secretions. Symptoms can be serious, and the disease can be fatal — especially for babies, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems. When influenza pandemics occur, they spread quickly, often killing large numbers of previously healthy people.
7• POLIOMYELITIS
Poliomyelitis (often shortened to “polio”) is a viral infection spread by person-to-person contact. Symptoms vary according to the type of infection, and three basic patterns are common:
•Subclinical infections, which account for the vast majority of polio cases. Symptoms may include fatigue, headache, sore throat, mild fever, and vomiting. In some subclinical infections, no symptoms may appear.
•Nonparalytic poliomyelitis. Symptoms may include back pain, neck pain, fatigue, diarrhea, headache, leg pain, fever, muscle stiffness, painful rash, and vomiting.
•Paralytic poliomyelitis (the most serious kind of polio infection.) Symptoms may include fever, breathing difficulty, constipation, headache, muscle pain, muscle spasms, and muscle weakness on one side of the body. Muscle weakness comes on quickly and progresses to paralysis.
8• SCARLET FEVER
Scarlet fever is a disease caused by
Streptococcus bacteria — the same bacteria that cause strep throat. The bacteria are spread through contact with the oral or nasal fluids of an infected person. Scarlet fever begins with a fever and sore throat, and later causes a red rash that starts at the chest and spreads over the body. Most cases of scarlet fever occur in children under the age of 18, and it was once a very serious childhood disease. Before effective treatments became available it often led to rheumatic fever and death, but the availability of antibiotics has dramatically reduced the scarlet fever mortality rate.
9• SCURVY
Scurvy is a disease caused by a vitamin C deficiency. Symptoms of scurvy include weakness, anemia, gum disease, and bleeding from the mucus membranes. The disease was once common among sailors who were at sea for long periods without access to fresh fruit. When it became widely known that citrus fruits (with their abundant vitamin C) could prevent scurvy, sailors began taking lemon juice on long voyages and incidences of scurvy diminished greatly. Cases of scurvy in the U.S. are now rare, but the disease occasionally appears in older, malnourished adults.
10• SMALLPOX
Smallpox is a serious, contagious, and sometimes fatal infectious disease caused by a virus. There is no specific treatment for smallpox disease, and the only prevention is vaccination. The name smallpox is derived from the Latin word for “spotted” and refers to the raised bumps that appear on the face and body of an infected person.
11• TYPHOID FEVER
Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria. At the onset of typhoid fever, symptoms include fever, malaise, and stomach pain. As the disease progresses, the fever increases to over 103 degrees Fahrenheit and diarrhea begins. Eventually weakness and delirium develop, and in some cases a rash appears on the chest and abdomen.
Salmonella typhi bacteria are spread by contaminated food or water. The bacteria live in the intestinal tracts of infected humans and can enter the food supply as a result of improper hand-washing. Bacteria may also enter the water supply in places where sewage is improperly treated. Typhoid bacteria can live in the intestines of healthy people who carry and spread the disease without ever experiencing symptoms.
12• YELLOW FEVER
Yellow fever is a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes that carry the virus. The disease typically occurs in tropical areas, particularly in parts of South America and Sub-Saharan Africa. Before its cause was known, yellow fever was also common in the U.S., and outbreaks killed thousands in port cities, including Philadelphia, New York, Baltimore, Norfolk, and New Orleans.
Yellow fever symptoms usually appear three to six days after being bitten by an infected mosquito, and they develop in three stages. In the first stage, symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, vomiting, and jaundice. This lasts for three to four days before the second stage — remission — begins. During remission, the fever and other symptoms go away. Most people recover at this stage, but some move on to the third stage — intoxication. This stage is the most serious, and involves liver and kidney failure, bleeding disorders, delirium, coma, and seizures. Yellow fever that reaches this third stage is often fatal.
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