Hospital

The term hospital refers to a health building used for the purpose of caring for and curing the wounded or sick through people specializing in the medical area, nursing, auxiliary staff, 24 hours every day of the year, for which they use technology tools, equipment, instruments and pharmacology, required to carry out the functions. Hospitals can be classified in three different classes: First, Second and Third Grade, being this way due to the complexity with which the center works. In addition to this, within hospitals constant attention is given to individuals with different problems, which can range from the slightest to the most critical situations, sometimes requiring curative care.

Some Concepts

In Latin the expression Hospital (Hospitalis) is an adjective that means kind and charitable to guests. The word Hospicio, also of Latin origin, comes from Hopitium, a place to receive and accommodate pilgrims and the poor.

According to Dorland's Dictionary of Medical Sciences, the Hospital is a public or private establishment in which the sick are cured, especially those lacking in resources. It is an institution organized, attended and directed by competent and specialized personnel, whose mission is to provide, scientifically, efficiently, economically or free of charge, the complex means necessary for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and to provide a medical solution to social problems.

It must have elements and dependencies destined to the preparation of professionals specialized in the diverse fields of the medical science, with auxiliary technical personnel, and it must maintain contact with other hospitals, schools of medicine and any other institution engaged in the care and improvement of the public health.

While Clinic or Sanatorium refer to a private institution conveniently arranged for the stay of patients who need to undergo different studies and / or medical treatments. Alippi (1991)

For WHO, the Hospital is an integral part of a medical and social organization whose mission is to provide the population with comprehensive health care, both curative and preventive, and whose external services radiate into the family environment. The Hospital is a training centre for medical-health and bio-social research staff. Alippi (1991)

The Hospital is probably one of the social institutions that has undergone the most changes in recent decades, particularly in the last thirty years. Obviously, this spectacular process of change is very different in the different countries of the world and is intimately related to the degree of socioeconomic and cultural development that characterizes the population. Even within the same country there are great differences between hospitals in different regions, not only in size and complexity, but also in essence. The difference between the different regions and the great process of evolution, makes that of a comparative study between the past and the present practically the only thing in common is the name of Hospital.

Evolution, Functions and Resources

For centuries, hospitals were created to provide shelter for social groups lacking the resources to pay for their medical care, based on a sense of love of neighbor and Christian charity. They also underwent a process of isolation and segregation in certain patients (lepers, lazarettos).

In recent decades, the concept of the "Right to Health" of the entire population has been incorporated, determining that the Hospital is the organized society's response to this right.

Functions In the past the Hospital fulfilled the function of shelter and spiritual support, being also a place destined to the recovery of patients, but limited at that time by the scarce scientific knowledge and with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Currently the functions are divided into three essential categories:

• Medical Care (health promotion, disease prevention, recovery of health and rehabilitation of the patient).
• Education of its own personnel, of the community in general and of the university.
• Medical and administrative research.

Material Resources:

Buildings: The Hospital of the past was simply a large house with a simple design, with large hospitalization rooms, with the consequent overcrowding. The current Hospital requires an exceptionally complex building in its planning, construction, operation and maintenance, integrating to the urban environment, oriented according to climatic factors with systematized spaces and circulation. As far as possible, they should be surrounded by green spaces, with parking for vehicles and good lighting, ensuring that the construction has the maximum possible flexibility.

Equipment and materials:

before the twentieth century these were scarce, simple and low-cost. The diagnosis was fundamentally clinical and the medical treatment was constituted by herbs and their simple derivatives. At present the Hospital has numerous resources of enormous complexity that are included under the denomination of special services of diagnosis and treatment like Radiology, Pathology, Physiatrics, etc. In the same way, the strictly medical services differed in several specialties such as Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, Traumatology, Cardiology, etc. From 1950 onwards, the Heart - Artificial Lung, Artificial Kidney, etc. was developed. The care of the patients was perfected in progressive levels of care. The therapeutic medicine, starting from the isolation of the active principles of the herbs, begins a new epoch in the history of the pharmacy. Finally, the kitchen, laundry, electrical, computer systems and others that contribute to progress were incorporated.

Human Resources:

The changes experienced in this aspect have also been spectacular, even more than the changes in material resources. Currently the hierarchy of a Hospital depends as much or more on the capacity of its human resources than on its physical resources. In the past, personnel were scarce, essentially religious, with empirical preparation and a great spirit of service. The Hospital of the present has changed substantially, since it demands numerous and highly trained personnel, with a diversity of tasks and adequate training prior to their admission to the hospital and continuous during their stay in the institution. At the same time, the need for coordination of efforts or teamwork increases. The medical activity begins to demand a remuneration commensurate with its high degree of specialization. There are specialties that can only be practiced in hospitals, so the center of interest begins to move from the office or home to the hospital.

If you need recommendations or help in orthopedic surgery and traumatology do not hesitate to contact me.

Dr. Leopoldo Maizo - Orthopedic Surgeon

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