What is a volcano? (Activities)

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Volcanoes are geological formations on the surface of the earth's crust or on the crust of another planet, where magma comes to the surface, forming lava, volcanic gases, stones (volcanic bombs) and pyroclastic flows.

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The word "volcano" comes from ancient Roman mythology and comes from the name of the ancient Roman god of fire Vulcan.

The science that studies volcanoes is volcanology, geomorphology.

Volcanoes are classified by form (thyroid, stratovolcanoes, slag cones, domes), activity (active, inactive, extinct), location (land, underwater, subglacial), etc.

Types of volcanoes

Different types of volcanic eruptions form different types of volcanoes. Some volcanoes form fine lava flows, which drains easily and spreads over a large area. Others are formed from violent eruptions, and there are volcanoes that are formed from the combination of fine lava flows with violent eruptions.

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- Ash Cone

Volcanic cones or ash cones are obtained from eruptions that emit mainly small parts of volcanic slag and pyroclastic deposits (both resemble ashes, hence the name of this type of volcano), which form around the vent. They may have relatively short eruptions that produce a cone-shaped hill, possibly 30 to 400 m high. Most ash cones are emitted only once. Ash cones can be formed as ventilation flanks in large volcanoes or by themselves.

- Stratovolcanoes.

Stratovolcanoes are high conical mountains, consisting of lava flows and other eruptions in additional layers, strata that give them a name. Stratovolcanoes are also known as complex volcanoes.

- Super volcanoes.

A supervolcano is a popular term for a large volcano, which generally has a large caldera and can produce devastation on a huge, sometimes continental scale. Such eruptions were able to cause serious cooling of global temperatures for many years afterwards due to the enormous volumes of sulfur and the ash explosion. They can be the most dangerous types of volcano.

-Volcanoes underwater

Ellipsoidal lava from underwater volcanoes is a common feature at the bottom of the ocean. Some volcanoes are also active in shallow waters, revealing their presence, throwing steam and rock fragments well above the sea surface. Many others are at depths so great that the enormous weight of the water on them prevents the explosive escape of steam and gases, although they can be detected with hydrophones and discolored water due to volcanic gases.

Even large underwater eruptions do not disturb the surface of the ocean. Due to the rapid effect of cooling water compared to air, underwater volcanoes often form steep columns in their volcanic vents compared to surface volcanoes. At certain times, they can break the surface of the ocean in the form of new islands.

Volcanic activity

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Volcanoes are divided according to the degree of volcanic activity in active, inactive, extinct and latent. An active volcano is considered a volcano that erupted in the historical period or in the Holocene. The concept of active is quite inaccurate, since a volcano with active fumaroles, some scientists attribute it to active and others to extinct. Inactive volcanoes are considered asleep, in which eruptions are possible, and extinct, in which it is unlikely.

However, there is no consensus among volcanologists on how to determine an active volcano. The period of activity of the volcano can last from several months to several million years. Many volcanoes showed volcanic activity several tens of thousands of years ago, but are currently not considered active.

Activities:

1. What is a volcano?
2. What determines the type of volcano?
3. Briefly describe the types of volcano.
4. How are volcanoes classified according to their activity?
5. What is the science that studies volcanoes?
6. Investigate: What is the cause, according to scientists, for so many earthquakes in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean?

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